Module 1 - Chemistry Review

Question 1

Atom

Answer 1

The smallest unit of matter that exhibits the property of an element.

• Nucleus (Protons and Neutrons
• Electrons

Question 2

Element

Answer 2

Pure substances made up of one type of atom

Question 3

Compound

Answer 3

Substances made up of different elements.

Question 4

Ions

Answer 4

Atoms and compounds can have charge. (Charged particle)

Question 5

Cation and Anion

Answer 5

Cation - Positively charged ion

Anion - Negatively charged ion

Question 6

Intramolecular forces

Answer 6

Hold atoms together within a molecule.

Question 7

Intermolecular forces

Answer 7

Attractive or repulsive forces between molecules. Not as strong as intramolecular forces, but still significant.

Question 8

Van der Waals forces

Answer 8

Govern interactions between uncharged atoms/molecules and physical absorption of gases

Question 9

Hydrophobic Interactions

Answer 9

Attractive forces between hydrophobic molecules or parts of molecules. This forces causes, for example, the separation of oil drops in a water solution.

Question 10

Ionic Interactions

Answer 10

Attraction and repulsion between charged atoms/molecules.

Ex. The sodium atom has a formal charge of +1, while the chlorine atom has a formal charge of -1.

Question 11

Dipole-dipole Interactions

Answer 11

Attractions between a partially negative portion of a polar molecule, and a partially positive portion of a second polar molecule.

Question 12

Hydrogen Bonding

Answer 12

A special case of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs when a hydrogen atom is attracted to the lone pair of electrons of an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom.

Question 13

Brønsted-Lowry “Acid”

Answer 13

Species capable of donating a proton (H+)

Question 14

Brønsted-Lowry “Base”

Answer 14

Species capable of accepting a proton (3H#). Usually requires a lone pair of electrons.

Question 15

Ionized Significance:

Answer 15

Substance becomes more soluble, but cannot cross cell membrane

Question 16

Unionized Significance:

Answer 16

More lipophilic, which allows it to cross cell membrane

Question 17

Lipophilic

Answer 17

Refers to a molecule’s ability to dissolve in fats, oils, or lipids

Question 18

Strong acids and bases:

Answer 18

Will completely dissociate in water.

Question 19

Weak acids and bases:

Answer 19

Only partially dissociate in aqueous solutions - allows a reaction to go in both the forward and backwards reaction

Question 20

Conjugate Pairs

Answer 20

A pair in chemistry including a reactant and product, where the difference between them is a proton (H+).

(Note - During the reaction, an acid donates a proton to a base, making these two a conjugate pair).

Question 21

Equilibrium

Answer 21

When the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.

Question 22

Ka

Answer 22

The equilibrium constant (constant of the drug, specific to each drug) :

Calculated by the products over reactants. (More specifically, it depends on the “concentration of the conjugated base times the hydronium ion over the remaining acid”).

Question 23

Concentration Gradient

Answer 23

The concentration of particles is higher in one area than another.