Module 1 - Chemistry Review Flashcards
- Basic concepts - Intra and Intermolecular forces - Acids and Bases - Ionization
Atom
The smallest unit of matter that exhibits the property of an element.
- Nucleus (Protons and Neutrons
- Electrons
Element
Pure substances made up of one type of atom
Compound
Substances made up of different elements.
Ions
Atoms and compounds can have charge. (Charged particle)
Cation and Anion
Cation - Positively charged ion
Anion - Negatively charged ion
Intramolecular forces
Hold atoms together within a molecule.
Intermolecular forces
Attractive or repulsive forces between molecules. Not as strong as intramolecular forces, but still significant.
Van der Waals forces
Govern interactions between uncharged atoms/molecules and physical absorption of gases
Hydrophobic Interactions
Attractive forces between hydrophobic molecules or parts of molecules. This forces causes, for example, the separation of oil drops in a water solution.
Ionic Interactions
Attraction and repulsion between charged atoms/molecules.
Ex. The sodium atom has a formal charge of +1, while the chlorine atom has a formal charge of -1.
Dipole-dipole Interactions
Attractions between a partially negative portion of a polar molecule, and a partially positive portion of a second polar molecule.
Hydrogen Bonding
A special case of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs when a hydrogen atom is attracted to the lone pair of electrons of an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom.
Brønsted-Lowry “Acid”
Species capable of donating a proton (H+)
Brønsted-Lowry “Base”
Species capable of accepting a proton (3H#). Usually requires a lone pair of electrons.
Ionized Significance:
Substance becomes more soluble, but cannot cross cell membrane
Unionized Significance:
More lipophilic, which allows it to cross cell membrane
Lipophilic
Refers to a molecule’s ability to dissolve in fats, oils, or lipids
Strong acids and bases:
Will completely dissociate in water.
Weak acids and bases:
Only partially dissociate in aqueous solutions - allows a reaction to go in both the forward and backwards reaction
Conjugate Pairs
A pair in chemistry including a reactant and product, where the difference between them is a proton (H+).
(Note - During the reaction, an acid donates a proton to a base, making these two a conjugate pair).
Equilibrium
When the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.
Ka
The equilibrium constant (constant of the drug, specific to each drug) :
Calculated by the products over reactants. (More specifically, it depends on the “concentration of the conjugated base times the hydronium ion over the remaining acid”).
Concentration Gradient
The concentration of particles is higher in one area than another.
