Module 1 :Chemistry in Everyday Life Flashcards
anything occupies space and has mass
matter
part of phases of matter
solid
liquid
gas
plasma
bose einstein condensates
state of matter with a defined appearance. It has its own shape, and has very little to no molecular movement. This is the state of matter with a very rigid molecular structure. An example is diamond.
Solid
the state of matter with molecular movement. Its movement is dictated by how fast the liquid flows. It has no shape of its own due to its loose molecular structure. Instead, it takes the shape of its container. An example is a glass of lemon juice.
Liquid
state of matter with high molecular movement. Its molecular structure is looser than liquid. It behaves the same way as a liquid. An example is the air we breathe.
Gas
formed when particles are cooled to near. Absolute zero
bose einstein condensates
state of matter with a very high molecular movement. Due to heat, a gas becomes plasma due to the energy it absorbs and releases, making its molecules move even faster. High temperature plasmas glow a certain color. An example is the neon light fixture seen in restaurants.
Plasma
matter happens when heat is introduced. Heat allows molecules to absorb energy, thereby increasing its energy levels. Increasing energy means movement among particles. Removing heat causes the molecules to lose energy, compacting together.
Phase transitions
liquid to gas
vaporization
solid to liquid
melting
gas to plasma
ionization
plasma to gas
deionizartion
gas to liquid
condensation
liquid to solid
freezing
solid to gas
sublimation
gas to solid
deposition
process of adding heat to a solid, causing its form to become a liquid
melting
process of adding heat to a liquid, causing its loose molecular bonds to break further, turning into a gas
evaporation
process of adding heat to a gas, adding energy to it, charging the molecules into ions
ionization
process of removing heat in a plasma, returning the ions to a ground state, becoming a gas. Sometimes called deionization.
recombination
process of transferring energy in gas molecules to the surrounding area, forcing the gas molecules to form bonds and coalesce into a liquid
Condensation
process of transferring heat in liquids to the surrounding area, forcing the molecules to reform and bond into a solid
freezing
process of adding energy to a solid, dissipating into a gas without transitioning to the liquid phase
sublimation
process of transferring energy from the gas molecules to the surrounding area, forcing them to combine and make “deposits” of clumped gas molecules together, reforming into a solid
deposition
part of properties of matter
physical properties
extensive properties
intensive properties
chemical properties
is the property of matter in which the material can be quantified using measurements. It is also the property in which the material can also be assessed by the five senses. o Examples are mass, color, length
physical properties
is the property in which the material is assessed from its chemical structure, processes, and results. o Examples are flammability, toxicity, enthalpy (total heat content in a system)
chemical properties
is the property in which the material is dependent on its physical properties. If any physical property changes in a material, its extensive properties change accordingly. o Examples are mass, area, length
extensive properties
is the property in which the material is independent on its physical properties. o Examples are color, temperature, density
intensive properties
substance with varying compositions
mixture
a mixture in which the components can still be identified
heterogenous
– a mixture with observed properties as homogeneous mixtures, but heterogeneous when subjected to tests
colloids
a mixture with a very uniform composition
homogenous(solution)
substance with uniform composition
pure substance
– a substance composing of only one kind of atom
element
a substance composing of molecules, a combination of atoms which are made up of 2 or more elements
compound
parts of consumers products
food additive
cleaning agents
active ingredients
cosmetics
are substances added to food and/or beverages to improve flavor and appearance. They are also used to preserve the natural taste of food.
food additives
are substances that are biologically active. They are used mostly in pharmaceutical drugs and commodities like soap, powders, and others.
active ingredients
are substances that are used to remove dirt, along with dust, stains, clutter, and foul odor. They may also kill some harmful microorganisms in the cleaning process.
cleaning agents
are substances that enhance the consumer’s appearance. also improve the consumer’s fragrance.
cosmetics
CLASSIFICATIONS OF CLEANING AGENTS
Surfactants
Bleaching agents
Disinfectants
are chemical agents that aid in cleaning surfaces that
contain oil, stains, and dirt, which usually are not soluble in water. They include a hydrophilic (waterloving) polar head and a hydrophobic (water-fearing) nonpolar tail. The head interacts with polar
molecules like water, while the tail that is usually comprised of a hydrocarbon chain attaches to nonpolar
substances like oil.
Surfactants
are formulations that cause whitening – or lightening – to an affected substrate by
solubilizing color-producing substances or by altering their light-absorbing properties. These
substances are usually oxidizing agents, such as peroxides and chlorine.
Bleaching agents
are substances made to lessen, if not eradicate, harmful microbes on surfaces.
Sanitizers work in the same manner as disinfectants.
Disinfectants
Types of Cleaning Agents
General-purpose cleaners
Bathroom cleaners
Special surface cleaners
Stain and deposit removers
are substances that are weakly alkaline intended for a variety of uses.
Compounds found in these cleaners are generally alcohols, silicates, sodium carbonate, phosphates,
and sodium EDTA.
General-purpose cleaners
are products specifically designed for bathroom surfaces, such as tubs, tiles, and
toilet bowls, which generally develop stains like mildew. They are either acidic or alkaline, depending
on the surface they will be used on. Alkaline cleaners are best to use for bathroom floors, walls, tiles,
and bathtubs because they preserve the enamel finishes of these surfaces; acidic cleansers can
damage enamels. Cleansers with acidic active ingredients like phosphoric acid and citric acid are
recommended for other bathroom parts with rust and mineral deposits. Some cleansers have additional
components, such as surfactants, that aid in the removal of soap and fatty deposits. Furthermore, toilet
bowl cleaners are usually liquid and acidic and may contain bleaching agents such as hydrogen
peroxide or hypochlorite.
Bathroom cleaners
are substances designed to clean certain surface materials such as glass,
vinyl, carpets, and upholstery, to name a few. Glass cleaners typically contain water, glycol ethers,
ammonia, and alcohols. They are commercially available as moistened towelettes or liquid or aerosol
sprays. Carpet and upholstery cleaners are sold as liquid shampoos or as powders. Both forms may
contain surfactants, foam stabilizers, alcohols, and/or glycol ethers, but the powders may have
additional porous carrier materials that trap dirt. One advantage of powders over liquids is that they
allow for more natural cleaning of the surface with vacuum cleaners.
Special surface cleaners
are substances designed to remove spots, usually with the aid of abrasive
materials such as steel wools and brushes. They are typically commercialized in fluids and stick forms,
but they can also be sold in powder and paste forms. These substances contain crystalline and
amorphous silica, feldspar, clay, and chalk alongside surfactants, solvents, and enzymes. They are
sometimes improved by adding ingredients such as sodium carbonate, bleaching agents, and oxalic
acid.
Stain and deposit removers
CLASSIFICATIONS OF COSMETICS
lotions
deodorant
perfume
shaving creams
toothpaste
shampoo|
skin whiteners
substances that generally moisturize and soften the skin. They usually contain mineral oil,
beeswax, preservatives, and perfumes or fragrances. Lotions that contain a high amount of hydrating
ingredients are specifically called moisturizers. They contain emollients that decrease skin flaking by
creating a layer of oil on top of the skin. This layer traps water and prevents it from escaping the skin,
thus keeping the skin hydrated.
lotions
are products designed to prevent and remove unpleasant body smells and are available
in the market as liquids, powders, or sprays. They contain aluminum or zirconium compounds as active
ingredients.
deodorants
are products that impart a fragrant odor and are usually composed of aromatic oils, alcohol,
and water.
perfumes
soften hair strands in many different parts of the body, which allows for their easy
removal. They are mainly made up of stearic acid, mineral oils, water, perfume, and preservatives.
shaving creams
which cleanse and polish teeth and freshen breath, contain polishing agents, surfactants,
sweetener, and flavoring agents.
toothpastes
are used to cleanse hair, with their main ingredients include surfactants and antidandruff
substances. Other components include colors, perfumes, and preservatives.
shampoos
which are among the most popular products nowadays, contain bleaching or
antioxidant substances like glutathione, Metathione, hydroquinone, tretinoin, and kojic acid that inhibit
melanin production in the skin.
skin whiteners
