Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neur 201 > Module 1 - Cellular Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Module 1 - Cellular Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Central Nervous System comprise of?

A

The Brain and Spinal Cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What two cell types are the CNS and PNS composed of?

A

Neurons and Glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the Peripheral Nervous system comprise of?

A

Peripheral nerves and Ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the four zones on a neuron?

A

Input, Summation, Conduction and Output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What areas of the Neuron are involved in each zone?

A

Input - Dendrites, Summation - Axon Hillock, Conduction - Axon, Output - Axon Terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the four types of Neuron?

A

Multipolar, Bipolar, Unipolar and Anaxonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the cells of the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes. Astrocytes, Microglia and Ependymal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which cell forms the Myelin sheath in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which cell forms the myelin Sheath in the PNS

A

Schwann Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the term for an electrical or chemical connection between nerve cells?

A

Synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What area of the brain is associated with sensation?

A

The Somatosensory Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What area of the brain is associated with movement?

A

The Motor Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In what Direction is Afferent information travelling?

A

into the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In what direction is efferent information travelling?

A

out of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which substances can freely cross the cell membrane?

A

Non polar substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Signaling within a nerve cell is always what?

A

electrical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Signaling between nerve cells and non-nerve cells is usually what?

A

Chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what protein maintains ion gradients within the nervous system?

A

Sodium and Potassium ATPase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What 3 important properties do ion channels have?

A

Selectivity, Conductance and gating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What direction does Active transport move ions?

A

Against their concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

By what process do ions move with their concentration gradient?

A

Facilitated Diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When the flow of Potassium in and out of the cell is equal this is known as what?

A

Electrochemical Equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What type of nerve potential is not actively propagated?

A

Local Potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where do local potentials arise?

A

On synapses and at the site of sensory reception (skin, sensory organs and internal organs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Cell are high in what?
K+
26
Cells are low in what?
Na+
27
Gating stimuli can be what?
Chemical, Mechanical or electrical
28
What can cause selectivity in cells?
electronegative charge of amino acids and channel pore size.
29
Ion Flux through a channel is measured in what?
Electrical current
30
Conductance can be what?
Linear or Non-linear
31
What is an example of chemical gating?
Acetylcholine at the Neuromuscular Junction
32
What is an example of Phosphorylation gating?
G protein coupled receptors
33
What is an example of voltage gating?
Voltage gated Sodium channels
34
What is an example of mechanical gating?
Mechanically gated channels in the skin
35
What type of gated channels have a refractory period?
Voltage gated channels
36
Transporters use what kind of diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion (down the concentration gradient)
37
Are transporters faster or slower then ion channels?
Slower
38
What are transporters?
Carrier proteins which carry substances across the membrane
39
The resting nerve cell is permeable to what?
K+
40
Why is the nerve cell permeable to K+
because of potassium leak channels
41
Why are nerve cells negative ?
The strong chemical gradient drives K out of the cell causing a negative charge, this negative charge attracts K back into the cell establishing an electrochemical gradient
42
What establishes and equilibrium potential in the nerve cell?
When the movement of K in and out of the cell is equal
43
What does the membrane potential depend on?
concentration gradients of ions, relative permeability of the membrane for ions.
44
Electrical and chemical gradients both favour entry of what?
Sodium
45
Sodium carries positive charge into the cell causing what?
Depolarization
46
What are properties of Local Potentials?
Small, Decremental, depolarizing or hyperpolarizing and capable of summation
47
Local potentials decremental spread is known as what?
passive or electrotonic spread
48
What is summation in terms of local potentials?
When inhibitory and excitatory potentials arise at the same time (temporal) and space (spatial) cancelling each other out.
49
Local potentials are precursors of what?
Action potentials
50
What type of stimuli trigger action potentials
Sensory, special and homeostatic stimuli
51
Where do local potentials arise?
On synapses located on the Soma and dendrites and at the site of sensory reception e.g. skin
52
Are local potentials propagated?
No
53
When the cell is made more negative what potential is propagated?
Hyperpolarizing, Inhibitory potential
54
When the cell is made more positive what potential is propagated?
Depolarizing, Excitatory potential
55
Where are neuron cell bodies located?
In the CNS, peripheral ganglia and in the intestine walls
56
What is the site of action potential generation?
Axon hillock + initial segment
57
Neurons communicate with each other at what point?
Synapses
58
Neurons are likely to receive what inputs at the same time?
Both Excitatory and inhibitory
59
If the number of excitatory inputs exceed inhibitory inputs the cell membrane is likely to become what?
Depolarized
60
The base of the axon has a very high density of what?
Voltage gated sodium channels
61
Voltage gated sodium channels are opened by what?
Depolarization of the membrane
62
What causes threshold?
If enough voltage gated sodium channels open causing an influx of sodium.
63
What generates an action potential?
If the membrane is depolarized to threshold at the initial segment
64
At the peak of the AP the MP does what?
Reverses, the cell is now inside positive
65
What causes the "undershoot" (polarised beyond RMP) in AP's?
This is due to the slow kinetics of VG K channels
66
What is the absolute refractory period?
No matter how larger the stimulus no AP can be generated
67
What is a relative refractory period?
An AP can be generated but only in response to a very large stimulus
68
The RMP depolarizes to what voltage?
+30 mV
69
How can AP be transmitted faster?
By increasing the diameter of the Axon
70
How can conduction in the membrane be made faster?
By increasing transmembrane resistance or axon insulation (Myelin)
71
What is Hypokalemia?
Low ECF potassium, loss from digestive tract or body fluid.
72
What is Hyperkalemia?
High ECF potassium, Inability to clear K (Kidney disease) or Addison's disease (Low aldosterone).
73
What does Hypokalemia cause?
Reduced Nerve and Cardiac excitability because MP is more negative, resulting in weakness, hyperventilation, fatigue, cramps and arrythmia
74
What does Hyperkalemia cause?
MP more positive due to prolonged depolarization causing weakness, fatigue and life-threatening cardiac arrythmia
75
What if sodium is high or low?
causes Hyponatremia or Hypernatremia
76
what diseases are caused by a loss of or no myelin?
Multiple sclerosis and Guillen Barre syndrome
77
What is Tetrodotoxin?
Puffer fish poison and Na channel blocker
78
What is Saxitoxin?
Marine plankton toxin and Na channel blocker
79
What is Batrachotoxin
Poison dart frog toxin and Na channel blocker
80
What is Charybdotoxin
Scorpion venom, blocks some types of K channels
81
What is Dendrotoxin?
Mamba snake venom and VG K channel blocker
82
What is Apamin?
Bee venom which blocks some types of of K channels
83
What poison/Toxins effect Na channels?
Tetrodotoxin, Saxitoxin and Batrachotoxin
84
What poison/toxins effect K channels?
Charybdotoxin, Dendrotoxins and Apamin
85

Neur 201 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions