Module 1 - Cells as the basis of life Flashcards
Define “cell”
A cell, in biology, is the basic membrane-bound unit that contains the fundamental molecules of life and of which all living things are composed.
What is the difference between a eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell?
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles (such as the nucleus and mitochondria), while prokaryotic cells do not.
DNA in eukaryotic cells is found inside the nucleus, while DNA in prokaryotic cells is located in the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.
What are the 10 major cellular components of an animal cell? (All organelles except for two)
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria
- Rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
- Smooth ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
- Ribosomes
- Lysosomes
- Cytoplasm (non-organelle)
- Vacuole
- Golgi Apparatus
- Cell (Plasma) membrane (non-organelle)
What are the 11 major cellular components of a plant cell? (All organelles except for three)
- Nucleus
- Chloroplasts
- Mitochondria
4 Rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum) - Smooth ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
- Ribosomes
- Cytoplasm (non-organelle)
- Vacuole
- Golgi Apparatus
- Cell (Plasma) Membrane (non-organelle)
- Cell Wall (non-organelle)
- Lysosomes
What’s the difference between an animal cell and plant cell?
Plant cells have a cell wall in addition to a cell membrane, whereas animal cells have only a cell membrane. Plants use cell walls to provide structure to the plant. Plant cells contain organelles called chloroplasts, while animal cells do not.
Microscope magnification formula..?
Total magnification = eyepiece magnification x objective lens magnification
What is a specialised cell?
Specialised cells are cells designed to carry out a particular role in the body.
Name three specialised cells.
- Red blood cell
- Nerve Cell
- Sperm cell
- Smooth muscle cell
- Root hair cell
- Epithileum cell
any of the above (not limited to above)
Draw diagram and describe function of a specialised cell.
Can’t add picture so learn this one!
All cells have a cell m_______. It is a s____-p________barrier, meaning some substances can
c____ o___ the membrane.
This is because cells constantly have substances moving in and
out of them. E.g., w____, gl______ o_____, c_____ d______. It is a ph__________ b______, meaning t___ layers of
phospholipids.
All cells have a MEMBRANE
It is a SEMI-PERMIABLE barrier, meaning some substances can
CROSS OVER the membrane.
This is because cells constantly have substances moving in and
out of them. E.g., WATER, GLUCOSE, OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE.
It is a PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER, meaning TWO layers of
phospholipids.
P______ channels allow l_____ molecules and p_____molecules to pass which otherwise would not diffuse across.
This is called ‘f________ diffusion’ (p______ – no energy
required)
Some proteins use e_____ (ATP) to move substances against the
concentration gradient – a_____ transport.
PROTIEN channels allow LARGER molecules and POLAR molecules to pass which otherwise would not diffuse across.
This is called ‘FACILITATED diffusion’ (PASSIVE – no energy
required)
Some proteins use ENERGY (ATP) to move substances against the
concentration gradient – ACTIVE transport.
What are two examples of technology used to determine a cells structure and function?
Light and electron microscopes and biochemistry e.g cell fractionation
in what ways do materials move into and out of cells?
Osmosis, diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis.
Define osmosis and diffusion
Osmosis is a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a region of high water potential to a region of low water potential.
Diffusion is the net movement of anything generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
What are the processes/ratios related to exchange of materials across a membrane and the speed at which it does so?
Surface-area-to-volume-ratio, concentration gradients (hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic), and the characteristics of the materials being exchanged.
what is the differenve between active and passive transport
In Active transport the molecules are moved across the cell membrane, against the concentration gradient using ATP (energy). In Passive transport, the molecules are moved within and across the cell membrane transporting it through the concentration gradient, without using ATP (energy). E.g diffusion or osmosis.
What is endocytosis and exocytosis?
Endocytosis is the process by which substances are engulfed into the cell. Exocytosis is the reverse; the process by which substances are released from the cell. Both processes are active transport processes, requiring energy.
Define hyptonic, isotonic and hypertonic
A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solute than another solution, meaning water will flow out of it. An isotonic solution has the same or very similar concentration of solute as another solution, meaning the water flow will reach equilibrium. A hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solute than another solution, meaning water will flow into it.
What are some required processes and needs for a cell to function?
Suitable forms of energy, including light and chemical energy (phototroph versus heterotroph), matter including gases, simple nutrients and ions,
removal of wastes.
What is the word equation for photosynthesis and respiration?
Photosynthesis:
carbon dioxide + water → oxygen +glucose
Respiration:
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
what is the difference between a phototroph and heterotroph?
Most autotrophs make their “food” through photosynthesis using the energy of the sun. Heterotrophs cannot make their own food, so they must eat or absorb it.
