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Biology Year 11 > Module 1 - CELLS AS A BASIS OF LIFE > Flashcards

Module 1 - CELLS AS A BASIS OF LIFE Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify what an organism needs to be classified as an organism

A

Movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, nutrition

MRS GREN

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2
Q

Explain what a prokaryotic cell is and its features.

A

A cell that does not have membrane-bound organelles or a nucleus. they have much simpler structures with their genetic material stored in a large loop and float in the cytoplasm. They do contain a cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, genetic material etc. usually unicellular. An example of a prokaryotic cell is bacteria and Archaea.

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3
Q

What is the genetic material in prokaryotic cells?

A

material is stored in large loops - bacterial chromosomes and smaller rings - plasmids

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4
Q

Explain what a eukaryotic cell is and its features

A

A cell that has membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus. Each organelle has a specific function, making the cell much more complex than prokaryotic. can be unicellular and multiellular. An example of eukaryotic cells are any plant or human cells.

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5
Q

Cell definition

A

cells are the building blocks of life that can either be multicellular or unicellular. The two types of cells include prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

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6
Q

what features do prokaryotic and eukaryotic share?

A

both contain a cytoplasm, cell membrane, and ribosomes.

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7
Q

where are bacteria and archaea found

A

Bacteria can be found in many different environments and can be either beneficial or harmful to living organisms.

Archaea are unicellular organisms that are found in extreme and harsh environments, such as hydrothermal vents and hot springs.

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8
Q

Identify what a light microscope is and how it works

A

a basic microscope in which a light source passes through a condenser lens and then through a thin specimen. Then light passes through the convex objective lens -> the image becomes magnified. However is limited as you can only see nucleus, cell wall and cytoplasm.

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9
Q

identify what a fluorescence microscope is

A

Fluorescent substances will attach to structures scientists want to see. -> sample is then illuminated with high-intensity light which causes the fluorescent substances to emit light.

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10
Q

what is the protoplasm?

A

The protoplasm is the living content of a cell that is surrounded by the cell
membrane. The protoplasm is composed of the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

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11
Q

identify what an electron microscope is

A

Uses electron beam instead of light, and electromagnetics instead of glass lenses. Much higher resolution as electrons having much shorter wavelength than light.

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12
Q

what is the nucleus ?

A

The nucleus stores the information needed to control all cell activities.

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13
Q

what is the nucleolus?

A

The nucleolus is a dense, granular region commonly seen within the nucleoplasm. It contains a large amount of nucleic acid; some DNA, but mostly RNA.

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14
Q

what are ribosomes?

A

Ribosomes are small organelles that appear as dense, rounded granules and they are the ‘machinery’ that carries out the genetically coded instructions of DNA to produce any proteins necessary for cell functioning and structure.

they make proteins

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15
Q

what are Golgi bodies?

A

Golgi bodies process, package and sort cell products. They are involved in adding proteins and carbohydrates to cell products and they also provide a membrane around the cell products to package them.

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16
Q

what are lysosomes?

A

Lysosomes are formed by the Golgi body. They contain digestive enzymes that are responsible for splitting complex chemical compounds into simpler ones, serving as the cell’s waste disposal system.

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17
Q

what is the mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria are the ‘powerhouses’ of a cell, producing energy in the form of energy-rich molecules by the process of cellular respiration.

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18
Q

what are vacuoles?

A

Vacuoles are large, permanent, fluid-filled sacs in the cytoplasm of mature plant cells. Besides having a storage function, vacuoles play a very important role in providing support to plant cells.

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19
Q

what are the chloroplasts?

A

Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis – the manufacturing of sugar in plants, using the energy of sunlight.

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20
Q

what are centrioles?

A

A dense, granular structure, the centrosome, which plays an important role in cell division, forming the spindle, which holds chromosomes in a dividing
cell.

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21
Q

what is the cytoskeleton?

A

cytoplasm. It is the framework
for the shape of the cell, cell movement, organelle movement and cell
division.

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22
Q

what is the current cell membrane model called?

A

fluid mosaic model

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23
Q

what does the cell membrane do?

A

The cell membrane controls the exchange of material between the internal and external environments of the cell. It is selectively permeable, meaning that it allows only certain molecules or ions into or out of the cell.

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24
Q

what is the cell membrane “fluid part” composed of?

A

two layers of phospholipids - phospholipid bilayer

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25
Q

what are the two parts of a phospholipid?

A

hydrophilic - head, able to absorb or dissolve in water - contains phosphate

hydrophobic - tail, hates water- fatty acid chain

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26
Q

what are the four proteins in a cell membrane?

A

transport, adhesion, receptor, recognition

(TARR)

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27
Q

role of transport proteins?

A

act as passageways that allow specific substances to move across the membrane.

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28
Q

role of adhesion proteins?

A

proteins link cells together and help maintain the organism’s three-dimensional structure.
- helps form tissues
- in realtion to diseases it helps the bacteria to infect the cell - spread diseases
- cells grabbing on to eachother - handshake

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29
Q

role of receptor proteins?

A

They cause the cells to respond only to certain signals from substances such as
hormones that bind to them, giving them specific functions.

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30
Q

role of recognition proteins?

A

These proteins identify the cell and are called antigens or marker
molecules. They allow the immune system to distinguish between foreign particles (‘non-self ’) and the
body’s own (‘self ’) cells.

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31
Q

role of Endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Transport and processing of proteins and lipids

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32
Q

what is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the net movement of any molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of
low concentration of that substance,

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33
Q

when is equilibrium reached?

A

Equilibrium is reached when
there is no net movement of molecules in either direction – the molecules move equally in each
direction.

34
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A

when relatively large molecules require certain proteins called carrier proteins and channel proteins in the cell membrane to assist them in diffusing into the cell.

35
Q

what is passive movement?

A

requires no energy input and includes the processes of diffusion and osmosis.

36
Q

what is osmosis?

A

It is the net movement of solvent molecules from a region of high
solvent concentration to a region of low solvent concentration through a semipermeable membrane

37
Q

What is solute?

A

something that is being dissolved

38
Q

what is solvent?

A

doing the dissolving

39
Q

what is the pressure created by water moving across a semipermeable membrane due to osmosis called?

A

osmotic pressure.

40
Q

what is hypotonic?

A

When cells are surrounded by a solution that contains a lower solute concentration than their cytoplasm, the external solution is said to be hypotonic

41
Q

what is hypertonic?

A

if the cells are surrounded by a solution of higher solute concentration: the external solution is hypertonic

42
Q

what is isotonic?

A

If the fluids inside and outside a cell are of equal solute concentration,

43
Q

what is active transport?

A

Active transport is the movement of molecules from a region of low concentration to a region of high
concentration, and requires the input of energy.

44
Q

name some substances needed by cells

A

gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), nutrients (sugars, amino acids,
glycerol and fatty acids) and water, the main solvent in cells.

45
Q

name some substances that must leave the cell

A

wastes such as urea, uric acid and excess carbon dioxide.

46
Q

what are concentrated solutions and dilute solutions

A

A concentrated solution contains a large amount of solute in relation to the amount of water

A dilute solution contains a small amount of solute in relation to the amount of water

47
Q

how does water move in and out of the cell membrane?

A

via Osmosis –> Water moves through special tiny protein channels in cell membranes called aquaporins (‘water pores’).

48
Q

why may a cell swell up?

A

When water is more highly concentrated outside the cell (low solute concentration) than it is inside the cell (high solute concentration), water will move by osmosis through the selectively permeable cell membrane into the cell and the cell may swell up.

49
Q

why may a cell shrink?

A

if the concentration of water is lower outside the cell than inside, water will move out of the cell by osmosis and the cell may shrink.

50
Q

are cells in animal cells mostly isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic? and why?

A
  1. isotonic
  2. Hypotonic solutions osmosis can cause the cell to swell and eventually burst the cell membrane, killing the organism. The water concentration in animal cells needs to be kept constant to coordinate biochemical reactions.
51
Q

what is the process of osmosis in a plant cell surrounded by a hypotonic solution? aka freshwater.

A

When a hypotonic solution surrounds a plant cell, water molecules move
by osmosis into the vacuole. This causes the vacuole to swell and pushes the cell membrane outwards against the cell wall. The tough cell wall prevents the cell from bursting. When the cell wall stretches as
much as possible, no more water can enter and the cell is said to be turgid. In this state, the osmotic pressure inside the cell is equal to the opposing pressure exerted by the cell wall.

52
Q

what is the process of osmosis in a plant cell surrounded by a hypertonic solution?

A

If the plant cells were to be placed into a hypertonic solution, the water in the cell would leave the cell by osmosis, the vacuole would shrink and cause the cell membrane to move away from the cell wall in a process called plasmolysis

53
Q

what is endocytosis?

A

the process by which the cell membrane changes shape to surround and engulf a large particle, allowing it to enter the cell.

54
Q

what are the two aspects of endocytosis?

A

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

55
Q

what is phagocytosis? and an example

A

process by which certain living cells called phagocytes ingest or engulf other cells or particles. This is done by stretching around what it wants to engulf and pulls it into a vacuole. One example of phagocytosis is the process of white blood cells surrounding, engulfing, and destroying foreign substances such as bacteria.

56
Q

what is pinocytosis? and an example

A

an active, energy-consuming process where extracellular fluid and solutes are taken up into a cell via small vesicles. This is done by retracting part of the cell to engulf (push in). One example is the process of fat droplets found in the small intestine after a meal, being moved into cells.

57
Q

what is exocytosis?

A

the process by which waste products or antibodies, neurotransmitters
and enzymes, that have important functions elsewhere in the organism, are transported to the external environment of the cell.

58
Q

What are some organic substances cells need?

A

Organic substances are synthesised by living things and contain carbon and hydrogen atoms such as glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol, nucleotides and vitamins.

59
Q

what are some inorganic substances cells need?

A

inorganic nutrients such as gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), minerals (for example phosphates, sodium ions and chloride ions) and water. These inorganic nutrients are part of the non-
living world and do not contain carbon and hydrogen in long chains.

60
Q

what are the four main types of biomacromolecules?

A

complex carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

61
Q

What are the three main functions of lipids in cells?

A

energy storage, structural components of membranes, and essential structural parts of hormones.

62
Q

what are the roles of proteins in cells?

A

form structural components in tissues, structural elements in cell membranes -> combine with other macromolecules, and some have a functional role, such as enzymes, which control all of the metabolic (chemical) reactions in the cell, and hormones, which control the functioning of other cells.

63
Q

what are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

RNA, and DNA

64
Q

compare RNA and DNA

A

DNA nucleotides is a double-stranded molecule that stores the information that controls the cell. It is the main chemical making up the nucleus.

RNA nucleotides are usually single-stranded molecules and are required for cells to make ribosomes and to make RNA so that cells can make proteins.

65
Q

what are the four bases of DNA, and who do they pair with?

A
  1. adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine
  2. A & T, C & G
66
Q

what do carbohydrates do in a cell?

A

Carbohydrates can be used as a source of energy, for storage of energy, and sometimes as a structural component of the cell.

67
Q

what are enzymes?

A

protein molecules that control all metabolic reactions in living cells.

68
Q

what are catalysts?

A

chemical substances that can accelerate (speed up) chemical reactions, are unchanged at the end of the reaction, and can be reused many times.

69
Q

what is an active site?

A

The surface of the enzyme with a specific shape

70
Q

what is the lock and key theory?

A

The active site of an enzyme is structured and rigid to fit a specifically shaped substrate. Once the substrate binds to the active site, the enzyme will facilitate the reaction and release products of the reaction

71
Q

what is the induced fit model?

A

is based on the realisation that proteins are not rigid. Evidence suggests that the binding of a substrate to the active site of an enzyme induces the enzyme to
alter its shape slightly, to fit more tightly around the substrate

72
Q

two biochemical processes that cells carry out

A

photosynthesis in plant cells and cellular
respiration in all living cells.

73
Q

what is ATP and its role?

A

When glucose is broken down in the process of aerobic cellular respiration, the large amount of energy contained
within it is released. This released energy is trapped and stored in small packets in many high-energy molecules called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is composed of a complex molecule called adenosine (adenine attached to a ribose sugar group) that in turn attaches
to three phosphate groups. When energy is required by the cell, this bond is broken and the energy it contains is released.

74
Q

what is the saturation point?

A

all available enzymes are being used to catalyse reactions –> the point beyond which no more solute can be added to the solution as it is filled to its maximum capacity.

75
Q

what is photosynthesis?

A

the process by which plants utilise light energy, usually from the sun, which is
trapped by chlorophyll (contained in the chloroplast). It uses this energy to break apart water and carbon dioxide molecules and build them up into oxygen, energy-storing glucose molecules and
water molecules.

76
Q

what is the light-dependent stage?

A

photolysis occurs in the grana. It
involves the absorption of light energy by the chlorophyll in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast. ATP is formed in this stage.

77
Q

what is the light-independent stage?

A

use stored chemical energy from the light-dependent reactions to “fix” CO2 and create a product that can be converted into glucose.

78
Q

what is cellular respiration?

A
  • All organisms break down glucose as a source of energy to drive cellular metabolism.
  • Glucose can be broken down either in the presence of oxygen (aerobic cellular respiration) or in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic cellular respiration). Different products and amounts of energy are released in each of these processes.
79
Q

anaerobic cellular respiration

A

This process involves the breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen to form
ethanol (an alcohol) and carbon dioxide.

80
Q

aerobic cellular respiration

A

a chain of many biochemical reactions that occur in the cells of the organism
in the presence of oxygen.

81
Q

what is the ATP cycle

A
  1. ATP has three phosphates
  2. ATP becomes hydrolyzed causing it to release energy and lose a phosphate (exergonic reaction)
  3. becomes ADP
  4. cellular respiration provides energy needed to bond another phosphate becoming ATP again
  5. repeat cycle

Biology Year 11 (4 decks)

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