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Biology > Module 1 - Cells as a basis of life > Flashcards

Module 1 - Cells as a basis of life Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the modern cell theory?

A
  1. All living things are composed to one or more cells
  2. the cell is the basic unit of life
  3. new cells arise from pre-existing cells
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2
Q

Features of prokaryotes?

A
  • Unicellular
  • Rybosomes
  • membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • most have cell walls
  • NO membrane bound organism
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3
Q

Features of Eukaryotes

A
  • Some have cell walls
  • More complex
  • Larger
  • Nucleus
  • most are multicellular
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4
Q

What are made up with prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria ans Archaea

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5
Q

What organisms are made up from Eukaryotic cells?

A

Fungus, Protists, Plants and Animals

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6
Q

Function of the nucleus?

A

Stores all info to control all cells activity.

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7
Q

Function of cytoplasm?

A

Fluid material where all activities of the cell occur.

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8
Q

Function of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Provides and connection between the nucleus an the cells environment. Can be both rough and smooth.

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9
Q

Function of ribosomes?

A

Carry out genetically coded instructions of DNA to produce any proteins necessary.

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10
Q

Function of the Golgi bodies?

A

Process, package and sort cell products. Add proteins and carbs.

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11
Q

Function of Lysosomes?

A

Collect and break down old/random cells using digestive enzymes.

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12
Q

Function of the mitochondria?

A

Produce energy for the cell (ATP). Less active cells need less and more active cells need more.

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13
Q

Function of the vacuoles?

A

Consists of a watery solution, main storage for sugars, minerals and salts. Gives cell colour.

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14
Q

Function of cholorplasts?

A

Responsible for photosynthesis and green colour.

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15
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

The structure that allows for substances to enter and exit the cell.

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16
Q

Cell membrane structure?

A

Found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The structure is made up of repeated phospholipids.

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17
Q

Structure of a phospholipid?

A

Each phospholipid is made up of a phosphate head (hydrophilic or water loving) and a phosphate tail (hydroPHOBIC or water hating). The bilayer of phosphlipids allows for substances within the cytoplasm to move in and out of the cell.

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18
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

The cell membrane = fluid mosaic model.
Refers to the flexible nature of the membrane which is enabled by the phospholipids and cholesterol embedded within them.
Mosaic component refers to the repeated phospholipids and other molecules that resembled mosaic-style artwork.

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19
Q

Types of proteins and their functions?

A

Adhesion Proteins - Link cells together
Transport proteins - Act like passageways to enable specific substances to move across the membrane.
Receptor Proteins - Respond to certain signals that bind to them
Glycoproteins - Act as markers that allow for the immune system to distinguish between itself and not.

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20
Q

Photosynthesis reaction?

A

CO2+H2O –> Glucose +O2

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21
Q

Cellular respiration formula?

A

Glucose + Oxygen –> CO2 + H2O

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22
Q

What is ATP?

A

The energy our bodies require to carry out normal functioning (Heart Pumping etc)

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23
Q

Two phases of photo sybnthesis?

A

Light dependent stage and light independent stage.

24
Q

Light dependent stage of photo synthesis ?

A
  • Takes place in the thylakoid stacks
  • energy from the sun is used to split water into hydrogens and oxygens
  • O2 is formed and the hydrogens are saved for the next phase.
  • Small amount of ATP produced however it is entirely used up in the next phase.
25
Q

Light independent stage of photosynthesis ?

A
  • Occurs in the Stoma
  • ATP from the previous stage is used as an energy source
  • Hydrogens are added to CO2 to produce glucose.
  • This reaction is known as the Calvin cycle.
26
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate is an energy-rich molecule that stores energy between the 3rd and 2nd phosphate groups. ATP is a small and mobile molecule that can deliver energy to anywhere it is needed.

27
Q

What is ADP?

A

When energy is used by the organism the phosphate tail loses phosphate resulting in the formation of adenosine diphosphate. These are then recycled and can be reused to form a new ATP molecule.

28
Q

Anaerobic respiration?

A
  • Two methods -
    Alcohol fermentation - mostly micro-organisms
    Glucose–> Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + adenosine triphosphate

Lactic acid fermentation- Occurs alongside respiration in animals ]
Glucose –> Lactic acid + adenosine triphosphate

29
Q

Aerobic respiration ?

A

Glucose + Oxygen –> Carbon dioxide + water + ATP

30
Q

Aerobic respiration - processes?

A

Glycolysis - in the cytoplasm, glucose molecules are broken down into pyruvate and produce 2ATP. This process has 10 separate reactions involved each catalyzed by an enzyme.

Krebs cycle/electron transport chain- The 2 pyruvates move into the mitocondria and undergoes multiple catalyzed reactions. Final products are 6 carbon dioxide, 6 waters and 34 ATP.

31
Q

Removal of waste - Lysosomes ?

A

Organelle responsible for removing wastes within the cell. Contain Hydrolytic enzymes that break down proteins, lipids, and carbs. Also, break down viral cells and recycle worn-out organelles.

32
Q

Removal of wastes - Carbon dioxide?

A

Too much carbon dioxide in the plasma can cause it to become more acidic then causing the hemoglobin to denature and lose oxygen. This limits the cell’s ability to carry out further cellular respiration and make ATP. Without this ATP it does not have enough energy to carry out cellular respiration which can lead to organ failure.

33
Q

Cell requirements - Organic compounds?

A

Carbohydrates- can be complex or simple. glucose is a type of simple carb that is required by cells to carry out cellular respiration.
Lipids- can be arranged singularly or in fatty acid chains. Makeup interior of cell membrane and structure of hormones. Also, act as energy storage.

34
Q

Cell requirements - Ions?

A

Calcium- is required by all cells in some way. Structurally it makes up bone tissue but is also used to send messages via neurons to the brain.
Sodium and Potassium - Required by neutrons to maintain the actions of the nervous system.
Iron - Required by blood cells to carry oxygen to other cells in order for them to carry out photosynthesis.

35
Q

Movement of substances across the cell membrane?

A

Passive transport- Does not require energy
Active transport- Requires energy
The type of transport used depends on the characteristics of what is being moved.
(Size, Lipid solubility, Concentration gradient)

36
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of any molecules from high to a low concentration until equilibrium is reached .

37
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

It is reached when there is no movement of molecules in either direction, the molecules move equally in each direction. Movement from high to low concentration is described as movement along the concentration gradient.

38
Q

What is the rate of diffusion influenced by?

A

Concentration gradient- The greater the concentration the faster the diffusion of substances.
Temperature- Heat increases the rate of diffusion.

39
Q

What is osmosis?

A

A type of diffusion that involves the movement of water molecules from a high concentration of water (dilute solution) to a low concentration of water (Concentrated solution) across a semi-permiable membrane.

40
Q

What is a concentrated solution?

A

Contains a large amount of solute in relation to the amount of water so the water is said to be in low concentration.

41
Q

What is a dilute solution?

A

Contains a small amount of solute in relation to the amount of water and the water is said to be in high concentration.

42
Q

Definitions related to osmosis?

A
  • Osmotic pressure
  • Isotonic
  • Hypertonic
  • Hypotonic
43
Q

Osmotic pressure?

A

The pressure created by water moving across a semi-permeable membrane.

44
Q

Isotonic?

A

Fluids inside and outside the cell are equal to solute concentration, water molecules move in both directions equally.

45
Q

Hypertonic?

A

The external solution has a lower solute conc. than the cytoplasm Nett movement of water molecules into the cell.

46
Q

Hypotonic?

A

The cell is surrounded by a solution with a higher solute conc. than the cytoplasm. Nett movement of water out of the cell.

47
Q

What is endocytosis and exocytosis?

A

When particles are too big to move through the cell membrane by diffusion or active transport channels, they are transported by endo or exocytosis.

48
Q

What is Endocytosis?

A

Transport of large particles into the cell.

49
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Transport of large particles out of the cell. This includes the movement of antibodies, neurotransmitters, and enzymes.

50
Q

What are the factors affecting the exchange of materials across the membrane?

A
  • Chemical factors
  • Physical Factors
  • Concentration gradient
  • Surface area to volume ratio
51
Q

What is chemical factors?

A

Hydrophilic ions such as sodium cannot cross the hydrophobic center of the membrane so they need a protein channel.

52
Q

What are physical factors?

A

The size and shape of substances affect whether they can move via diffusion or whether they require active transport.

53
Q

What is concentration gradient?

A

If the concentration gradient is high then diffusion will happen more rapidly.

54
Q

What is surface area to volume ratio?

A

The more surface area exposed in relation to the volume of the cell, the more efficient the movement in and out of the cell.

55
Q

What are enzymes ?

A

Protein molecules that control the metabolic reactions that occur in cells.

Biology (4 decks)

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