Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOSCI107 > Module 1 (cells and tissues) > Flashcards

Module 1 (cells and tissues) Flashcards

1
Q

6 levels of structural organisation in the human body

A

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Chemical level

A

Atoms and molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cellular level with example

A

A combination of chemicals, acquire specific functions - smooth muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Tissue level with example

A

Cells combined together performing a specific function - muscle tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Organ level with example

A

2 or more different tissues joined to provide a function - stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

System level with example

A

Many organs together - digestive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Organismal level

A

All systems joined together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Four main types of tissues

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Eleven body systems

A

Integumentary, endocrine, digestive, nervous, respiratory, urinary, cardiovascular, reproductive, skeletal, muscular, immune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Integumentary system components (5)

A

Skin (epidermis, dermis and hypodermis), hair follicles, nails, oil glands and sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Integumentary system function (7)

A

Protection (surface and deeper tissues), temperature regulation, waste elimination, production of vitamin D, fat storage, detects sensations and insulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Skin’s 4 parts and functions in integumentary system

A

Cutaneous membrane: protection
Epidermis: vitamin D production
Dermis: feeds epidermis, strength, contains glands
Hypodermis: stores fat and attaches skin to deeper layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hair’s 3 parts and functions in integumentary system

A

Hair follicles: produce hair, connects to nerves so provides sensation
Hair: protection
Sebaceous glands: lubricates hair shaft and epidermis, removes waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sweat glands’ function in integumentary system

A

Thermoregulation (evaporation through sweat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which systems does breast tissue belong to?

A

Reproductive system for nutrition for new-born and integumentary system due to being a modified sweat gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Nails function in integumentary system

A

Stiffen and protect digits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sensory receptors’ function in integumentary system

A

Detects sensations (touch, pressure, temperature, pain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Muscular system components (3)

A

Skeletal muscles (axial and appendicular), tendons and aponeuroses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Skeletal muscles function in muscular system

A

Provide skeletal movement, control entrances and exits to digestive, respiratory and urinary systems, produce heat, support skeleton and protect soft tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Axial muscles function in muscular system

A

Provide support and positioning of the axial skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Appendicular muscles function in muscular system

A

Support and move brace limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Tendon function in muscular system

A

Wire muscles to bones with fibrous connection, convert contractile forces of muscles to movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Aponeuroses function in muscular system

A

Form fibrous connections between muscles, convert contractile forces of the muscles to movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Skeletal system components

A

Bones, cartilage and joints, axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, red and yellow bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Skeletal system function

A

Supports and protects body, provides surface area for muscle attachments, aids body movements, produces blood cells, stores minerals and fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Axial skeleton function in skeletal system

A

Protects brain, spinal cord, sense organs and soft tissues of thorax; supports weight over lower limbs and provides structure for muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Appendicular skeleton function in skeletal system

A

Provides internal support and positioning of external limbs, supports and enables muscles to move axial skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Yellow and red bone marrow functions and relationship

A

Red produces red blood cells (found in flat bones). Yellow stores fat cells and minerals (found in medullary cavity of long bones). As we age, we lose red and gain yellow bone marrow. Yellow to red after major bleeding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Nervous system components

A

CNS (brain, spinal cord, special sense organs) and PNS (all nervous tissues outside CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Nervous system function

A

Produce nerve impulses (action potentials) to regulate body activities, detects and interprets changes in internal and external environments and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular excretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Brain function in nervous system

A

Complex integrative activities, controls voluntary vs involuntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Spinal cord function in nervous system

A

Relays information to/from brain. Less complex integrative activities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Sensory organs function in nervous system

A

Sensory input to brain (sight, smell, hearing, taste and equilibrium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

CNS and PNS function in nervous system

A

CNS is the control centre and can have short term control over other systems.
PNS: links CNS to all other organs of body
Maintain homeostasis, initiate voluntary movements and responsible for perception, behaviour and memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Cartilage function

A

Sit at interface between bones as a buffer so bone doesn’t rub on bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Megakaryocytic cells

A

Make platelets for clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Reflex arc

A

Touch something hot, pull arm away without thinking about it. Reflex is mediated in spinal cord and pain receptor (the motor nerve) is put into action and so the limb moves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Cardiovascular system components

A

Heart, blood, blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Cardiovascular system function

A

Pump blood throughout body, remove cell waste, regulate pH, temperature and H2O concentration, provide defence and repair damaged blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Heart function in cardiovascular system

A

Propels blood through vessels and maintains blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Blood function in cardiovascular system

A

Transports O2, CO2, minerals and hormones; removes waste, regulates temperature, provides defence and balances pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Blood vessels functions in cardiovascular system

A

Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart; veins carry deoxygenated blood to heart; capillaries are a site of diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Lymphatic and immune system components

A

Lymphatic fluid and vessels, B and T cells, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Lymphatic and immune system function

A

Returns proteins and fluid leftover from capillary diffusion to blood; carries lipids form gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation of B and T cells to protect against pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Lymphatic fluid and vessels function in lymphatic and immune system

A

Carry lymph fluid (water and protein) and lymphocytes from outer tissues to CV system. Carry lipids from gut to CV system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Lymph nodes/tonsils function in lymphatic and immune system

A

Monitor composition of lymph. Engulf pathogens for defence and stimulate immune response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Spleen function in lymphatic and immune system

A

Monitors blood cell circulation, engulfs pathogens, recycles red blood cells and stimulates immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

B and T cells function in lymphatic and immune system

A

Carry out immune responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Which systems does the thymus belong to?

A

In lymphatic and endocrine systems, controls the development/maintenance of T cell lymphocytes. Inconspicuous in adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Reproductive system components

A

Males: testes, epididymus, ductus/vas deferens, seminal glands, prostrate gland, urethra, penis and scrotum
Females: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina and mammary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Reproductive system function

A

Production of gametes and hormones, transport and storage of gametes and milk production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

External genitalia function in reproductive system

A

Reproduction (and thermoregulation of testes in males)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Fallopian tubes function in reproductive system

A

Location of fertilisation; delivery of oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Uterus function in reproductive system

A

Site of embryonic development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Vagina function in reproductive system

A

Lubrication, sperm reception and birth canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Which systems do the gonads belong to?

A

Endocrine system for secreting hormones and reproductive system for producing sex cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Urinary system components

A

Kidneys, bladder, ureters and urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Urinary system function

A

Produces, stores and eliminates urine, eliminates waste and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids; maintains the body’s mineral balance and helps regulate production of red blood cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Which systems do the kidneys belong to?

A

Urinary system to form and concentrate urine, regulate pH and ions, blood volume and blood pressure.
Endocrine system to produce hormones for calcium levels, increasing of blood pressure and the hormone EPO which stimulates an increased production of RBCs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Ureters function in urinary system

A

Conduct urine to bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Urinary bladder function in urinary system

A

Stores urine before elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Urethra function in urinary system

A

Conducts urine to exterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Respiratory system components

A

Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Respiratory system function

A

Gas exchange, pH balance and production of sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Nasal cavity function in respiratory system

A

Filter, warm and humidify air; detect smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Which systems does the pharynx belong to?

A

Respiratory system (conducts air to larynx) and digestive system (brings solid food and liquids to oesophagus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Larynx function in respiratory system

A

Protects opening to trachea and contains vocal cords for vocalisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Trachea function in respiratory system

A

Filters air; kept open by cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Bronchial tubes function in respiratory system

A

Conducts air between trachea and lungs (takes air to alveoli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Lungs function in respiratory system

A

Air movement, gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveoli; acid-base control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Endocrine system components

A

Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries and testes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Endocrine system function

A

Regulate body activities by releasing hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Pineal gland function in endocrine system

A

Reproduction timing, day/night rhythms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Pituitary gland function in endocrine system

A

Controls other endocrine glands; controls growth and keeps fluid balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Thyroid gland function in endocrine system

A

Found in throat; releases hormones to control metabolic rate and calcium level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Parathyroid gland function in endocrine system

A

Controls calcium levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Adrenal gland function in endocrine system

A

Found on top of kidneys; water and mineral balance, tissue metabolism, cardiovascular and respiratory function (adrenaline - fight/flight)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Digestive system components

A

Oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine and anus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Digestive system function

A

Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients and eliminates solid wastes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Oral cavity function in digestive system

A

Mechanical digestion - teeth and tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Salivary glands function in digestive system

A

Buffers and lubricant, production of enzymes (chemical breakdown)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Oesophagus function in digestive system

A

Deliver food to stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Stomach function in digestive system

A

Enzyme and acid production for chemical breakdown; muscular contractions for mechanical breakdown; hormone production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Small intestine function in digestive system

A

Produces digestive enzymes, buffers and hormones and absorbs nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Large intestine and anus function in digestive system

A

Water removal and absorption, waste storage and removal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Which systems does the pancreas belong to?

A

Endocrine system for glucose control.
Digestive system for producing and secreting enzymes which help break down food in the lumen; produce buffers and endocrine cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Liver function in the digestive system

A

Produces and secretes bile to regulate nutrients in the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Gallbladder function in the digestive system

A

Stores, concentrates and secretes bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

EPO

A

Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone produced by the kidneys, signalling for erythropoiesis in the bone marrow which stimulates red blood stem cells and more RBCs are produced. Allows for a greater O2 carrying ability in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Four types of tissues and basic function

A

Epithelial, muscle, nervous and connective. Contribute to homeostasis by providing support, communication among cells and resistance to disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Epithelial tissue description

A

Covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, tubes, cavities and ducts; forms glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Epithelial tissue function

A

Protection, filtration, secretion, absorption, excretion; allows body to interact with internal and external environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Connective tissue description

A

Cells in a matrix of fibres and ground substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Connective tissue function

A

Protects and supports, binds organs together, stores energy and helps provide body with immunity to disease-causing organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Muscular tissue description

A

Composed of cells specialised for contraction and generation of force.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Muscular tissue function

A

Generates heat that warms the body while providing movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Nervous tissue description

A

Conducting nerve cells and supporting neuroglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Nervous tissue function

A

Detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body, responds by generating nerve impulses which activate muscular contractions and glandular secretions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Different surfaces of epithelial cells

A

Apical, lateral and basal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Apical surface and what can be found on it

A

Also called the free surface, the top of the cell and open to the outside world, not touvhing other cells
Cilia or microvilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

Basal surface and basal junction name

A

Also called the attached surface, the bottom of the cell and attaches to the basement membrane
Hemidesmosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

Lateral surface and types of lateral junctions (4)

A

The sidewalls of the cells, where 2 cells are adjacent to each other
Tight, adherens, gap and desmosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Cytoskeleton description and components

A

Protein skeleton for cells; microfilaments and intermediate filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Microfilaments example and function in cytoskeleton

A

E.g. Actin; bundles beneath and links cell membrane and cytoplasm, provide strength, later cell shape, ties cells together and initiate movements for muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Intermediate filaments example and function in cytoskeleton

A

E.g. Keratin; provides strength, moves and trafficks materials through cytoplasm; larger than microfilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

Tight junctions description and function; proteins involved

A

Knitted-type appearance; removes the gap between 2 adjacent cells with individual sealing-strands to keep cells “electrically tight”/maintain polarity so ions and proteins cannot pass down easily
Claudins and occludins proteins bind to membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

Adherens junction description and function; proteins involved

A

Adhesion belt encompasses the cell (smaller/less continuous ‘belts called ‘plaques’), cadherin protein spans gap between cells, goes through membrane and interacts with catenin protein; catenin links cadherin to actin in microfilaments of one cell’s cytoskeleton to another; more basal located than tight junctions
Links cytoskeletons together to prevent unwanted individual movement of cells (from contractions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

Desmosome junction description and function; proteins involved

A

Adhesive plaques similar to adherens junction; gap between membranes of adjacent cells, spanned by cadherin protein which links intermediate filaments keratin between each cell together
cadherin protein spans gap between cells and links the intermediate filaments between different cells (keratin in each membrane)
Add connections between cells to add additional stability to epithelium to resist shearing forces and prevent pulling apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

Gap junction description and function; proteins involved

A

Formed by a combination of 6 connexIN proteins from each cell (called a connexON/hemichannel); connexON is closed when first made, but once it finds a connexOn from an adjacent cell, a channel between them opens; gap junctions can aggregate together to form communication plaques
Direct connection between cells allow small molecules to traverse back and forth, allows for coordinating function in a set of cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

Linking proteins in lateral junction

A

Cadherin, connexIN, claudin and occludin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

Anchoring proteins in lateral junction

A

Actin and keratin filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

Hemidesmosome junction description and function; proteins involved

A

On the basal surface; links cellular basal intermediate filament (keratin) to basement membrane; integrin protein used as a linker protein which binds to laminin protein in the basement membrane and to keratin in the cytoplasm
Prevents unwanted individual cell movement across the basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

Basement membrane function and components

A

Supports overlying epithelium, provides a surface where epithelial cells migrate during growth and wound healing, acts as a physical barrier and participates in the filtration of substances in the kidney. Made up of the basal and reticular laminas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Basal lamina description and function

A

Basement membrane layer closer to and secreted by epithelial cells. Contains collagen and laminin proteins and attaches the epithelial cells to the basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

Reticular lamina description and function

A

Basement membrane layer closer to the connective tissue cells. Produced by the fibroblasts in the connective tissue and contains fibrous proteins such as fibronectin and collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

Nutrient and waste exchange in epithelia

A

Epithelia contain nerves but no blood vessels (avascular) and so exchange of wastes and nutrients occurs through diffusion from vessels in the connective tissue across the basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

Types of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Covering and lining epithelia
    Covering epithelia: form the outer covering of the skin and some internal organs; lining epithelia: form the inner lining of blood vessels, ducts and body cavities, and the interior of the respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems
  2. Glandular epithelia constitute the secretory portion of glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

Arrangements of cells in layers (covering and lining epithelia)

A

Simple: single layer (secretion; absorption; filtration)
Stratified: two or more layers (protective)
Pseudostratified: appears to have multiple layers, single layer; only some cells have apical surfaces but all reach BM; has goblet cells

119
Q

Shapes of cells (covering and lining epithelia)

A

Squamous: flat and thin (help allow passage by diffusion)
Cuboidal: about as tall as they are wide with round-looking nucleus in the middle (secretion; absorption)
Columnar: more tall that wide with elongated nuclei (secretion; absorption)
Transitional: a stratified epithelium in which the cells can change shape from cuboidal to flat to accomodate stretch (e.g bladder)

120
Q

Simple squamous cells

A

A single layer of cells with centralised nuclei; most delicate epithelium.

121
Q

Where are simple squamous cells found?

A

Mesothelium: when SSE cells are lining inside of abdominal organs, forming a layer in the serous membranes (pericardial, pleural, peritoneal cavities)
Endothelium: when SSE cells are lining inside of vessels (heart and blood and lymphatic vessels)

122
Q

Simple squamous cells function

A

Filtration (kidney), diffusion (lung) and secretion where a slippery surface is needed (outer layer of serous membranes); not for protection due to thinness

123
Q

Simple cuboidal cells

A

A single layer of cube shaped cells with centralised nuclei

124
Q

Where are simple cuboidal cells found?

A

Anterior surface of lens, pancreatic and kidney ducts, secretory portion of glands (thymus, thyroid), pigmented epithelium at posterior of retina, ovary surface

125
Q

Simple cuboidal cells function

A

Secretion and absorption

126
Q

Non-ciliated simple columnar cells

A

Single layer column-shaped cells with nuclei near base. Can have microvilli (non-motile cytoplasmic projections; increase SA:V ratio and rate of absorption); have goblet cells which secrete mucous material at apical surface

127
Q

Where are non-ciliated simple columnar cells found?

A

Line gut mucosa from stomach to anus, ducts of many glands, gall bladder

128
Q

Non-ciliated simple columnar cells function

A

Goblet cells secrete mucous for lubrication which helps prevent damage to the delicate tracts they line; microvilli absorb

129
Q

Ciliated simple columnar cells

A

Single layer column-shaped cells with nuclei near base. Have cilia which move and goblet cells.

130
Q

Where are ciliated simple columnar cells found?

A

Bronchioles (move material that has come into lungs up through bronchi and towards trachea), uterine fallopian tubes (sweep egg along), sinuses, central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain

131
Q

Ciliated simple columnar cells function

A

Synchronised movement of cilia assists movement of mucous and foreign objects or oocytes for expulsion or transport; better for secretion than cuboidal as they are larger and have more room for organelles

132
Q

Stratified squamous cells and specialised subtypes

A

Multiple layers of cells; flatter outer layers and cuboidal inner layers. Outer layers hardened and tough due to dehydration (further from blood supply). As cells migrate up epithelium they die and leave keratin at surface
Keratinised: (apical cells) hard and tough to protect against dehydration
Non-keratinised: soft due to external moistening

133
Q

Where are stratified squamous cells found?

A

Keratinised: skin

Non-keratinised: lines wet surfaces; mouth, tongue, oesophagus, anus and vagina

134
Q

Stratified squamous cells function

A

Protect against abrasion, dehydration, the entry of microbes. Where mechanical or chemical stresses are severe, can afford to lose some layers without compromising barrier function.

135
Q

Pseudostratified columnar cells and specialised subtypes

A

Single layer of rectangular cells with nuclei at varying heights. All reach the BM but not all have an apical surface; appears to have several layers
Ciliated: cilia on some cells; secrete mucous form goblet cells
Non-ciliated: no cilia and no goblet cells

136
Q

Where are pseudostratified columnar cells found?

A

Ciliated: most of upper airways; lines respiratory tract

Non-ciliated: large ducts of glands, epididymus, part of male urethra

137
Q

Pseudostratified columnar cells function

A

Ciliated: Secrete and move mucous

Non-ciliated: absorption and protection

138
Q

Stratified cuboidal cells

A

Many layers of cube-shaped cells

139
Q

Where are stratified cuboidal cells found?

A

Ducts of adult sweat glands, oesophageal glands, male urethra

140
Q

Stratified cuboidal cells function

A

Protection, some secretion and absorption

141
Q

Stratified columnar cells

A

Many layers of rectangular-shaped cells; rare

142
Q

Where are stratified columnar cells found?

A

Part of urethra, some large gland ducts (oesophageal), anal mucosal membrane and part of conjunctiva of eye

143
Q

Stratified columnar cells function

A

Protection and secretion

144
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Glands that secrete directly into blood usually via transversing interstitial fluid; don’t go into a duct

145
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Produce and secrete fluid which goes into ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering or lining epithelium; from there either absorbed or transferred elsewhere

146
Q

Single cell gland

A

Unicellular gland found in exocrine glandular epithelia; example: goblet cell - apical cytoplasm filled with large secretory vesicles

147
Q

Different duct structures

A

Simple: single duct that does not divide on its way to gland cells
Compound/complex/branched: duct divides one or more times on its way to the gland cells

148
Q

Different secretory area structures

A

Tubular: glandular cells form tube-shapes, can be coiled or branched in simple ducts
Alveolar/acinar: glandular cells form sac-like pockets, can be branched in simple ducts
Tubuloalveolar: secretory cells form both tubes and sacs

149
Q

Where are simple tubular glands found?

A

Intestinal glands

150
Q

Where are simple coiled tubular glands found?

A

Merocrine sweat glands

151
Q

Where are simple branched tubular glands found?

A

Gastric glands and mucous glands of oesophagus, tongue and duodenum

152
Q

Where are simple alveolar glands found?

A

A stage in the embryonic development of simple branched glands

153
Q

Where are simple branched alveolar glands found?

A

Sebaceous (oil) glands

154
Q

Where are compound tubular glands found?

A

Mucous glands (in mouth), bulbo-urethral glands (in male reproductive system) and seminiferous tubules of testes

155
Q

Where are compound alveolar glands found?

A

Mammary glands

156
Q

Where are compound tubuloalveolar glands found?

A

Salivary glands, glands of respiratory passages and pancreas

157
Q

Connective tissue formula

A

CT = ECM (extracellular matrix) + cells

158
Q

Connective tissue features

A

Not found on body surfaces (found where bones, cartilage and blood is located); can be highly vascular (except for cartilage - avascular, and tendons - very little blood supply); supplied by nerves (except for cartilage)

159
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

ECM = Ground substance + fibres
Material located between connective tissue cells. Protein fibres are secreted by the connective tissue cells; structure of ECM largely dictates the connective tissue qualities

160
Q

Connective tissue cell types

A

Fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes, leukocytes

161
Q

-blast vs -cyte

A

Blast is immature; retain the capacity for cell divison and secrete the ECM; differentiate into mature cyte cells once the ECM is produced and have reduced capacities for cell division and ECM formation; mostly involved in monitoring and maintaining ECM

162
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Large, flat cells widely distributed in CT (migratory; able to move so they can reconstitute the BM) which secrete fibres and ground substance (ECM components)

163
Q

Macrophages

A

Develop from monocytes - type of WBC; have an irregular shape with branching projections; engulf bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis.
Fixed: stay in a certain tissue
Wandering: move throughout tissue and gather at sites of infection

164
Q

Plasma cells

A

Small cells that develop from WBC called B lymphocyte; secrete antibodies (proteins) which attack/neutralise foreign substances; reside in gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, salivary glands, lymph nodes, spleen and red bone marrow

165
Q

Mast cells

A

Produce histamine which dilates small blood vessels in response to inflammation; bind to, ingest and kill bacteria; found alongside blood vessels supplying CT

166
Q

Adipocytes

A

Fat/adipose cells which store fats; found deep under skin and around organs

167
Q

Leukocytes and subspecies

A

WBCs which migrate from blood to CT and instigate immune responses; not usually found in CT
Eosinophils move to sites of parasitic infection/allergic responses
neutrophils move to sites of infection and destroy microbes by phagocytosis

168
Q

Ground substance description and function

A

Material between cells and fibres; supports and binds cells, stores water and provides a medium for substance exchange between blood and cells; may be fluid, semifluid, gelatinous or calcified

169
Q

Ground substance components

A

Water, adhesion proteins and polysaccharide chains (GAGS) - which can be sulphated or non-sulphated

170
Q

Sulphated GAGS and where they are found

A

Chondroitin sulphate: cartilage, bone, skin and blood vessels
Dermatan sulphate: skin, tendons, blood vessels and heart valves
Keratan sulphate: bone, cartilage and cornea
All bind to proteins to form proteoglycans

171
Q

Non-sulphated GAG and function

A

Hyaluronic acid - viscous slippery substance which binds cells together, lubricates joints and helps maintain eyeball shape. Does not bind directly to protein backbone but is joined to various proteoglycans. Broken up by hyaluronidase (produced by WBCs, sperm and bacteria) - which causes GS to become more liquid so cells can move easily in GS

172
Q

GAGs important functions

A

Trap water and make GS more jelly-like; provide support and adhesion for cells

173
Q

Main adhesion protein in CT

A

Fibronectin - binds to both collagen fibres and GS, links them together; attaches cells to GS

174
Q

Non-sulphated GAG and function

A

Hyaluronic acid - viscous slippery substance which binds cells together, lubricates joints and helps maintain eyeball shape. Does not bind directly to protein backbone but is joined to various proteoglycans. Broken up by hyaluronidase (produced by WBCs, sperm and bacteria) - which causes GS to become more liquid so cells can move easily in GS

175
Q

GAGs important functions

A

Trap water and make GS more jelly-like; provide support and adhesion for cells

176
Q

Main adhesion protein in CT

A

Fibronectin - binds to both collagen fibres and GS, links them together; attaches cells to GS

177
Q

Abnormal Periorbital ECM and thyroid diseases (Exopthalmos) with ECM

A

Autoimmune action of fibroblasts in ECM of eye where more ECM is laid down behind eyes and eyeballs are pushed forward; thyroid diseases such as goitre (swollen thyroid gland) due to autoimmune over-activation of the thyroid
Deposition of GAGs and influx of water increase orbital contents

178
Q

Different types of CT fibres in the ECM and basic function

A

Collagen, reticular and elastic; strengthen and support CT

179
Q

Collagen fibre

A

Strong but flexible to resist pulling forces, often occur in parallel bundles to increase tensile strength to tissue

180
Q

Where are collagen fibres found?

A

Bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments

181
Q

Where are elastin fibres found?

A

Skin, blood vessels walls, heart valves and lung tissue

182
Q

Where are reticular fibres found?

A

Stroma (supporting framework) of soft organs (spleen and lymph nodes), form part of BM

183
Q

Elastin fibre

A

Smaller than collagen, branch and join to form a fibrous network within CT; made of elastin (protein) and fibrillin (glycoprotein) - adds strength and stability; strong and stretchy, able to return to original shape (elasticity)

184
Q

Where are elastin fibres found?

A

Skin, blood vessels walls and lung tissue

185
Q

Marfan syndrome

A

Mutation in gene coding for fibrillin; growth factor cannot bind properly to fibrillin to keep it inactive, so growth is increased
Large individuals with chest deformity and may have weakened heart valves and arterial walls

186
Q

Embryonic CT types

A

Mesenchyme (embryonic) and mucous connective tissue

187
Q

Mesenchyme embryonic CT

A

Irregularly shaped mesenchymal cells in semifluid GS containing delicate reticular fibres; found under skin and along developing bones of embryo, some in adult CT along blood vessels

188
Q

Mucous embryonic CT

A

Widely scattered fibroblasts embedded in viscous, jellylike GS containing fine collage fibres; found in umbilical cord of foetus

189
Q

Embryonic CT function

A

Mesenchyme: forms almost all other types of CT
Mucous: support

190
Q

Mature CT types

A

Loose CT, dense CT, cartilage, bone tissue and liquid CT

191
Q

Loose CT types

A

Areolar, adipose and reticular; arranged loosely between cells

192
Q

Areolar loose CT

A

Widely distributed, like a ‘packing material’; consists of randomly arranged fibres (collagen, elastic and reticular) and all connective cells embedded in semifluid GS

193
Q

Where is areolar loose CT found?

A

Found around almost every structure

194
Q

Areolar loose CT function

A

Strength, elasticity and support

195
Q

Adipose loose CT

A

Made from fibroblasts specialised for storing fats, have a centralised triglyceride droplet;
White adipose tissue - less vessels
Brown adipose tissue - more vascular
As more fat cells develop, more blood vessels appear

196
Q

Where is adipose loose CT found?

A

With areolar CT (including fibroblasts); buttocks, flanks, abdomen, the orbit of eye

197
Q

Adipose loose CT function

A

Reduces heat loss through skin, fat storage (energy reserves and insulation), supports and protects organs

198
Q

Reticular loose CT

A

Interlacing network of reticular fibres and cells

199
Q

Where is reticular loose CT found?

A

Stroma of liver, spleen, lymph nodes; red bone marrow, reticular lamina of BM, around blood vessels and muscles

200
Q

Reticular loose CT function

A

Forms stroma of organs, binds smooth muscle tissue cells, filters and removes worn-out blood cells in spleen and microbes in lymph nodes

201
Q

Dense CT and types

A

More densely packed due to fewer cells with more fibres; regular, irregular and elastic

202
Q

Dense regular CT

A

Forms shiny white ECM; mainly collagen fibres regularly arranged in bundles with fibroblasts in between; slow healing due to non-living collagen

203
Q

Where is dense regular CT found?

A

Tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses

204
Q

Dense regular CT function

A

Provide strong attachment between various structures; withstands pulling along long axis of fibres

205
Q

Dense irregular CT

A

Made up of collagen fibres - usually irregularly arranged with a few fibroblasts

206
Q

Where is dense irregular CT found?

A

In sheets, such as fasciae (tissue beneath skin and around muscles and other organs), deep region of dermis, heart pericardium, bone periosteum, joint and membrane capsules and heart valves

207
Q

Dense irregular CT function

A

Provides tensile (pulling) strength in many directions

208
Q

Dense elastic CT

A

Contains mostly elastic fibres with fibroblasts between them; unstained tissue is yellowish

209
Q

Where is dense elastic CT found?

A

Lung tissue, artery walls, bronchial tubes, trachea, vocal cords, suspensory ligaments of penis and some ligaments between vertebrae

210
Q

Dense elastic CT function

A

Allows stretching and recoil of various organs (elasticity)

211
Q

Cartilage CT

A

Dense network of collagen and elastic fibres embedded in chondroitin sulphate; has few cells and lots of ECM; strong and resilient with no nerves or blood vessels in ECM due to secretion of substance which prevents blood vessel growth - avascular and heals slowly. Mature chondrocyte cells occur singly or in groups called lacunae in ECM. Dense CT (perichondrium) surrounds most of cartilage, source of new cells

212
Q

Cartilage CT function

A

Resists tension, compression and shear; support and embryonic growth

213
Q

Cartilage CT types

A

Hyaline, elastic and fibrous

214
Q

Hyaline cartilage CT

A

Gel as GS, fine collagen fibres; chondrocytes found in lacunae surrounded by perichondrium

215
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage CT found?

A

Most abundant; ends of long bonds, anterior ends of ribs, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes, embryonic and foetal skeleton

216
Q

Hyaline cartilage CT function

A

Provides smooth surface for joint movement, flexibility and support. Can be fractured, as it is weak

217
Q

Elastic cartilage CT

A

Chondrocytes in threadlike network of elastic fibres within ECM; perichondrium present

218
Q

Where is fibrocartilage CT found?

A

Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci of knee, portions of tendons

219
Q

Fibrocartilage CT function

A

Support and joining structures together; strength and rigidity make it strongest cartilage

220
Q

Where is elastic cartilage CT found?

A

Lid on top of larynx (epiglottis), external ear and auditory tubes

221
Q

Elastic cartilage function

A

Provides strength and elasticity; maintains shape of certain structures

222
Q

Growth types of cartilage CT

A

Interstitial and appositional (exogenous)

223
Q

Compact bone components

A

Made up of osteons:
Lamellae: concentric rings (ECM) comprised of mineral salts (CaP and CaOH; for hardness) and collagen fibres (tensile strength)
Lacunae: small spaces between lamellae which contain mature bone cells (osteocytes)
Canaliculi: minute canals (containing EC fluid and minute osteocytic processes) that radiate from lacunae and provide routes for oxygen, nutrients and waste
Central canal: contains blood vessels, lymph and nerves.

224
Q

Appositional (exogenous) growth of cartilage CT

A

Growth at outer surface of tissue; inner perichondrium cells become chondroblasts which surround themselves with ECM and become chondrocytes; ECM accumulates beneath perichondrium on outer surface of tissue and it widens; continues throughout adolescence

225
Q

Compact bone components

A

Made up of osteons:
Lamellae: rings of ECM comprised of mineral salts (Ca, P) and collagen fibres which make bone strong and hard
Lacunae: small spaces between lamellae which contain mature bone cells (osteocytes)
Canaliculi: networks of canals connecting osteocytes; provide routes for nutrients and waste
Central canal: contains blood vessels and nerves

226
Q

Spongy bone components

A

Made up of thin columns of bone (trabeculae), spaces between which are filled with red bone marrow; lacks osteons

227
Q

Bone CT function

A

Support, protection, storage; houses blood-forming tissue; levers acting with muscle CT for movement

228
Q

Formation of osteons

A

Mesenchymal stem cells (osteogenic) develop and starts to lay down collagen, become trapped and turn into osteoblasts;
osteoblasts lay down more collagen (ECM), mineralisation (ECM hardening) occurs; osteoblast matures due to being trapped in ECM and becomes osteocyte, maintain bone tissue, have gap junctions and involved in nutrient and waste exchange

229
Q

Osteoclast

A

Large, multinucleated cell formed from fusion of blood monocytes; break down bone to produce Ca and P; allow production of new bone

230
Q

Liquid CT types

A

Blood and lymph

231
Q

Blood CT

A

Liquid containing liquid ECM made up of blood plasma (mostly water with dissolved substances), RBCs, WBCs and platelets

232
Q

Where is blood CT found?

A

Within blood vessels and the heart

233
Q

Blood CT function

A

RBCs: transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
WBCs: carry on phagocytosis and mediate allergic reactions and immune responses
Platelets: blood clotting

234
Q

Types of WBCs (6)

A

Neutrophils and monocytes are phagocytic (engulf bacteria)
Basophils (mobile) and mast cells (immature circulate and mature fixed) (release substances to intensify inflammatory reaction)
Eosinophils (parasitic and allergic responses)
Lymphocytes (immune response)

235
Q

Lymph CT

A

ECM fluid which flows in lymphatic vessels; contains several cell types in clear liquid ECM

236
Q

Muscle tissue description and function

A

Consists of elongated muscle fibre cells (myocytes) that can use ATP to generate force via hydrolysis; provides body movements and protection, maintains posture and generates heat

237
Q

Types of muscular tissue

A

Skeletal, cardiac and smooth

238
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Long, cylindrical, striated fibres that vary in length; multinucleated cell with nuclei at periphery; considered ‘voluntary’ as it can be made to contract or relax by conscious control - not always voluntary (posture)

239
Q

Longest muscle

A

Up to 60cm long, the sartorius; flexes hip up, abducts it and moves it out slightly, laterally rotates it

240
Q

Smallest muscle

A

Stapedius, 1.25mm long; stabilises the smallest human bone (stapes) in the ear; changes tension on bones that conduct sound from the eardrum, reduces volume by tightening

241
Q

Where is skeletal muscle found?

A

Attached to bones by tendons

242
Q

Skeletal muscle function

A

Motion, posture, heat production and protection

243
Q

Skeletal muscle components

A

Made up of myofibrils which fill the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm) of fibre and extend its entire length; comprised of thin filaments (made of actin) and thick filaments (made of myosin) which are contractile portions of the muscle and are separated into sarcomeres

244
Q

Striations

A

Banding in the cardiac and skeletal fibres due to the highly organised structure of myofibrils where thin and thick filaments join together (overlap in some portions and not in others)

245
Q

A-band in myofibril sarcomere

A

The dark, middle part running the length of the thick filaments; contains two overlap zones of thick and thin filaments

246
Q

I-band in myofibril sarcomere

A

Light areas containing only thin filaments; no overlap zones and so no thick filaments

247
Q

Z-disc in myofibril sarcomere

A

Link filaments of adjacent sarcomeres together, passing through centre of I-bands; made up of actinins

248
Q

M-line in myofibril sarcomere

A

Circular supporting structure in the middle of sarcomere which holds thick filaments together; gives sarcomeres their structure by maintaining correct orientation

249
Q

Titin in myofibril sarcomere

A

Links Z-disc to M-line; provides resting tension in I-band, molecular spring

250
Q

CT of skeletal muscle

A

Epimysium, perimysium and endomysium

251
Q

Epimysium

A

Surrounds anatomical muscle (dense irregular CT); allows movement, improves contraction efficiency and provides structure

252
Q

Perimysium

A

Around fascicles/muscle bundles, each of 10-100+ muscle fibres (dense irregular CT)

253
Q

Endomysium - where is it found?

A

Around muscle fibres, separating them from each other (areolar CT)

254
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Striated, branched cells with single central nucleus, involuntary control; fibres join end-to-end through intercalated discs

255
Q

Intercalated discs in cardiac muscle tissue

A

Contain desmosomes which strengthen tissue (bind intermediate filaments) and hold fibres together during contractions and gap junctions which provide passage for coordinated muscle action potential (electrical signals) conduction throughout heart

256
Q

Where is cardiac muscle tissue found?

A

Heart wall

257
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue function

A

Pumps blood to all parts of body

258
Q

Where is smooth muscle tissue found?

A

Walls of hollow internal structures (blood vessels, lung airways, stomach, intestines, gall bladder, urethra and uterus); iris of eye

259
Q

Where is smooth muscle tissue found?

A

Walls of hollow internal structures (blood vessels, intestines, skin)

260
Q

Smooth muscle tissue structure

A

Bundles of thick filaments (myosin) and thin filaments (actin); thin filaments attach to ‘dense bodies’ (similar function to z-discs; actinin); dense bodies interconnected by intermediate filaments (non-contractile)
During contraction, tension transmitted to intermediate filaments and cell twists about dense bodies

261
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue structure

A

Anatomical muscle (covered by epimysium) contains many fascicles (covered by perimysium); fascicles made up of many muscle fibre cells (covered by endomysium called sarcolemma) which contain myofibrils made up of myofilaments

262
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Made up of neurons and neuroglia; subdivided into the CNS and PNS

263
Q

Neurons function, types and components

A

Nerve cells that can be very large; do not divide, have a high metabolic rate and die rapidly without oxygen; multipolar, bipolar and unipolar; conscious and unconscious control; sensitive to various stimuli which they convert into nerve action potentials (electrical signals) and conduct them to other neurons, muscle tissue or glands; consist of a cell body, dendrites and axons

264
Q

Nerve action potentials and how they move

A

NAP; electrical signals which move along the neurons’ surface membranes; conveyed by dendrites and conducted to other nerves/tissues by axons

265
Q

Dendrites

A

Tapering, highly branched and usually short extensions; receiving/input part of neuron

266
Q

Neuroglia description and function

A

Found in the CNS and PNS; smaller than neurons; can communicate by chemical means and divide within the mature nervous system
The physical structure and repair framework of nervous tissue; undertake phagocytosis, nutrient supply to neurons; regulate interstitial fluid in neural tissue

267
Q

Axons

A

Single, thin, cylindrical processes that may be very long; output portion of neuron which conducts nerve impulses towards another neuron or tissue

268
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

Have 2 or more dendrites with a single axon; most common neuron in CNS and include all motor neurons

269
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

Singular dendrite process entering cell body (can branch out at tip) and 1 axon; cell body is between dendrite and axon; rare and small; found in special sense organs (relay information from receptor to neurons or relay information between different cells)

270
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

Dendrites and axon are continuous (in one place); cell body is off to one side; site of dendrite convergence is the axon; most sensory nerves; very long

271
Q

Neuroglia

A

Smaller than neurons and more abundant; found in PNS and CNS; can divide and communicate but cannot propagate NAPs; maintain structure and repair framework of nervous tissue, undertake phagocytosis, supply nutrients to neurons and regulate interstitial fluid in neural tissue

272
Q

CNS neuroglia types

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and ependymal cells

273
Q

Astrocytes (CNS neuroglia) function

A

Support; repair; communicate with neurons via ‘gliotransmitters’; maintain environment around neuron (regulate ions); maintain and form blood-brain barrier via endothelium, wrap around vessels and influence their permeability

274
Q

Astrocytes (CNS neuroglia) function

A

Support; repair; communicate with neurons via ‘gliotransmitters’; maintain environment around neuron (regulate ions); maintain and form blood-brain barrier via epithelium, wrap around vessels and influence their permeability

275
Q

Oligodendrocytes (CNS neuroglia)

A

Similar to astrocytes but smaller and simpler

276
Q

Oligodrendrocytes (CNS neuroglia) function

A

Form insulating multilayered myelin sheath (protein lipid layer; extension of membrane and some cytoplasm of cell) around CNS axons of some neurons; can myelinate more than one neuron cell’s axon which accelerates action potential

277
Q

Microglia (CNS neuroglia) and function

A

Small, slender processes; perform phagocytosis to remove broken-down tissue or bacteria that may invade into CNS; protection

278
Q

Ependymal cells (CNS neuroglia)

A

Single layer of predominantly cuboidal cells with cilia and microvilli; located in ventricles (gaps in brain) and in the central canal of spinal cord; found wherever cerebrospinal fluid is

279
Q

Ependymal cells (CNS neuroglia) function

A

Produce, monitor and assist in the movement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - which is a mechanical buffer that moves nutrients and waste, is a nutrient source for the brain

280
Q

PNS neuroglia types

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells

281
Q

Schwann cells (PNS neuroglia) and function

A

Small cells which encircle PNS axons; PNS version of oligodendrocyte (myelination); forms insulating myelin sheath around axons or can just support and surround several non-myelinated axons
One axon per cell for myelination but more axons per cell for support

282
Q

What is the difference between proteoglycans and glycoproteins?

A

Both are molecules containing proteins and sugars. Proteoglycans contain more sugars and glycoproteins contain more proteins.

283
Q

What is the difference between proteoglycans and glycoproteins?

A

Both are molecules containing proteins and sugars. Proteoglycans contain more sugars and glycoproteins contain more proteins.

284
Q

Membrane types

A

Mucous, serous and cutaneous (epithelial) and synovial (contains CT and no epithelium)

285
Q

Mucous membrane

A

Epithelial; lines a body cavity which opens directly to exterior; consist of a lining layer of epithelium and an underlying layer of CT; tight junctions connect the cells and contains goblet cells; epithelia of membrane can differ in different parts of body; areolar CT (lamina propria)

286
Q

Where is mucous membrane found?

A

Lining of entire digestive, respiratory and digestive tracts and much of urinary tract

287
Q

Mucous membrane function

A

Barrier which protects against microbes and other pathogens; goblet (and other cells) secrete mucous which prevents drying out of cavities, traps particles and lubricates food; secretes digestive enzymes and provides site for food and fluid absorption (gastrointestinal tract); CT supports epithelium, binds it, allows flexibility, holds blood vessels in place and is vascular source for membrane

288
Q

Serous membrane

A

Epithelial; line body cavity which does not open directly to exterior; covers organs within cavity; consists of areolar CT covered by mesothelium; have 2 layers: parietal (attached to and lining cavity wall) and visceral (covers and adheres to organs within cavity)

289
Q

Where serous membrane found?

A

Lining thoracic cavity and covering lungs (pleura), lining heart cavity and covering heart (pericardium), lining abdominal cavity and covering abdominal organs (peritoneum)

290
Q

Serous membrane function

A

Secretes serous fluid (watery lubricant) which allows organs to glide easily over one another or slide against the walls of cavities

291
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Epithelial; skin; consists of a superficial portion which consists of keratinised stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) and a deeper portion which consists of dense irregular CT and areolar CT (dermis)

292
Q

Where is cutaneous membrane found?

A

Covers entire surface of body

293
Q

Cutaneous membrane function

A

Epidermis protects underlying tissues and dermis resists pulling and stretching forces

294
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Line cavities (that don’t open to exterior) of freely moveable joints; lack epithelium; composed of discontinuous layer of cells and layer of areolar and adipose CT; secrete some components of synovial fluid which lubricates and nourishes cartilage covering bones at moveable joints and contains macrophages which remove microbes and debris

BIOSCI107 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions