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module 1: body systems Flashcards

1
Q

what is the chemical level?

A

atoms and molecules that are the building blocks of the body.

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2
Q

what is the cellular level?

A

molecules that combine to form cells which are the basic structural and functional units of the body.

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3
Q

what is the tissue level?

A

groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function.

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4
Q

what are the four main types of tissue?

A

epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve tissue.

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5
Q

what is the organ level?

A

organs are structures that are made up of two or more different types of tissues that have a specific function.

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6
Q

what is the system level?

A

related organs working together to carry out a common function.

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7
Q

what is the organismal level?

A

all the parts of the body that make a living organism.

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8
Q

what are the eleven systems of the body?

A

murders linc!!!
muscular, urinary, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, reproduction, skeletal, lymphatic (and immune), integumentary, nervous and cardiovascular.

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9
Q

how many and what are the names of the layers of the integumentary system?

A

three layers. epidermis, dermis and hypodermis.

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10
Q

what are the components/organ structures of the integumentary system?

A

skin
hair follicles
hair
sebaceous glands
sweat glands
nails
sensory receptors

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11
Q

what is the function of the epidermis?

A

to protect by covering body surfaces and deeper tissue.
aids in vitamin d production.

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12
Q

what is the epidermis made of?

A

stratified squamous epithelium.

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13
Q

where is the most vitamin d produced in the epidermis?

A

stratum spinosum and stratum basal layers.

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14
Q

what is the function of the dermis?

A

provides strength.
feeds nutrients to the epidermis.

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15
Q

what is the function of hair follicles?

A

to provide sensation.

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16
Q

what is the function of hair?

A

protection.

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17
Q

what is the function of sebaceous glands?

A

to lubricate the hair shaft and epidermis.
aids in removing waste.

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18
Q

what is the function of the sweat glands?

A

thermoregulation, cooling through sweat.

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19
Q

what systems are the mammary glands in?

A

both reproductive and integumentary system.

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20
Q

what is the function of nails?

A

provides protection.

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21
Q

what is the function of sensory receptors?

A

to detect sensations such as touch, pressure, temperature and pain.

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22
Q

what is the function of the hypodermis?

A

to store fat/energy.
attach the skin to deeper layers.

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23
Q

what are the components/organ structures of the muscular system?

A

skeletal muscle.
axial muscle.
appendicular muscle.
tendons and aponeuroses.

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24
Q

what is the function of skeletal muscle?

A

controls the entrances and exits of the digestive, respiratory and urinary systems.
provides support and structure.
protects soft tissues.
provide skeletal movement.
provide heat through shivering.

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25
Q

what is the function of axial muscles?

A

to provide support and positioning of the axial skeleton.

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26
Q

what is the function of appendicular muscles?

A

to support, move and brace limbs.

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27
Q

what are tendons?

A

fibrous rope like connective tissue.

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28
Q

what are aponeuroses?

A

fibrous sheet like

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29
Q

what is the function of tendons?

A

attach muscle to bone.
translate contractile forces to actual tasks.

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30
Q

what is the function of aponeuroses?

A

attach muscle to muscle.

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31
Q

what are the components/organ structures of the skeletal system?

A

bones.
cartilage.
joints.
axial skeleton.
appendicular skeleton.
bone.
red and yellow bone marrow.

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32
Q

what is the function of bones?

A

to store minerals.
provide support and protection.
provide a place for the muscle to attach to.

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33
Q

what is the function of hyaline cartilage and where is it found?

A

to protect soft tissue with some flexibility.
located in the ribs.

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34
Q

what is the function of fibrocartilage and where is it found?

A

protects the verse interfaces.
found in intervertebral discs.

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35
Q

what is the axial skeleton?

A

forms the central axis of the body.
skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum, supporting cartilage and ligaments.

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36
Q

what is the function of the axial skeleton?

A

protects the brain, spinal cord, sense organs, soft tissues of thorax.
supports body weight over lower limbs.

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37
Q

what is in the appendicular skeleton?

A

the limbs and supporting bones and ligaments. the arms, legs and pelvis.

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38
Q

what is the function of the appendicular skeleton?

A

provide internal support and positioning of the external limbs. supports and enables muscles to move the axial skeleton.

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39
Q

what are ligaments?

A

fibrous joints that hole bones together.

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40
Q

what are the joints?

A

where two or more bones meet.

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41
Q

where is red bone marrow found?

A

in flat bones. the pelvis, sternum, skill, ribs.

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42
Q

what is the function of red bone marrow?

A

to produce red blood cells.

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43
Q

trends in age for yellow and red bone marrow.

A

redbone marrow decreases with age. yellow bone marrow increases with age.

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44
Q

where is yellow bone marrow found?

A

in the medullary city of long bones.

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45
Q

what is the function of yellow bone marrow?

A

to store fat cells and convert to red bone marrow after major bleeding.

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46
Q

what are the components of the nervous system?

A

the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. brain. spinal cord. special senses.

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47
Q

what is the cns comprised of?

A

the brain and spinal cord.

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48
Q

what is the function of the cns?

A

the control centre of the body. has short term control over other systems.

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49
Q

what system is the optic nerve apart of?

A

the cns as it transmits visual information form the retina of the eye to the brain.

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50
Q

what is the function of the brain?

A

complex integrative activities. controls both voluntary and involuntary activities.

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51
Q

what is the function of the spinal cord?

A

relay information to and from the brain whilst performing less complex activities. reflex arc!

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52
Q

what is the function of special senses?

A

sensory input to the brain relating too sight, hearing, smell, taste and equilibrium.

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53
Q

what system are the special sense in?

A

the pns EXCEPT the optic nerve.

54
Q

what is the function of the pns?

A

links the cns to other systems and sense organs.

55
Q

what are the 9 components of the endocrine system?

A

pineal gland. hypothalamus/pituitary gland. thyroid gland. parathyroid gland. thymus. adrenal gland. kidneys. pancreas. gonads.

56
Q

what is the function of the pineal glands?

A

controls day and night rhythms through secretion of melatonin.

57
Q

where is the pineal gland located?

A

the brain.

58
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus/pituitary gland?

A

to control many other endocrine glands. regulates growth and fluid balance.

59
Q

where is the hypothalamus/pituitary gland found?

A

the brain.

60
Q

what is the function of the thyroid gland?

A

controls metabolic heart rate and calcium levels.

61
Q

what is the function of the parathyroid gland?

A

to control calcium levels.

62
Q

where is the thyroid gland located?

A

the throat.

63
Q

where is the parathyroid gland located?

A

the throat

64
Q

what is the endocrine function of the thymus?

A

the maturation of lymphocytes/white blood cells.

65
Q

where is the thymus found?

A

above the heart.

66
Q

what systems is the thymus in?

A

the endocrine and lymphatic systems.

67
Q

what is the function of the adrenal glands?

A

water and mineral balance (aldosterone). tissue metabolism (cortisol). cardio and respiration function (adrenaline)

68
Q

where is the adrenal gland located?

A

above the kidneys

69
Q

what is the endocrine function of the kidneys?

A

red blood cell production. blood pressure increase. calcium levels.

70
Q

what systems are the kidneys in?

A

endocrine and urinary.

71
Q

what is the endocrine function of the pancreas

A

glucose control. the islets of lagerhands secrete glucagon and insulin to control glucose levels in the blood.

72
Q

what systems is the pancreas in?

A

the endocrine and digestive system.

73
Q

what is the function of the gonads?

A

sexual characteristics and reproduction.

74
Q

where are growth hormones secreted from?

A

the anterior pituitary

75
Q

what is gigantism?

A

a condition that results from hypersecretion of growth hormones from the anterior pituitary in childhood, before the growth plates close. leaves youth with enlargement.

76
Q

what is acromegaly?

A

a condition that results in the enlargement of extremities by the overproduction of growth hormones in adults.

77
Q

what is erythropoietin (EPO) and where does it come from?

A

a glycoprotein hormone produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney.

78
Q

what are the components of the lymphatic system?

A

lymphatic vessels. lymphatic fluid. b cells and T cells. lymph nodes including tonsils. spleen. thymus.

79
Q

what is the function of the lymphatic vessels?

A

to carry lymph fluid (water and protein) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of the cardiovascular system.

80
Q

what is the function of lymphatic fluid?

A

to carry lipids (fats and fatty acids) from the gut.

81
Q

what is the function of b and T cells?

A

they are cells that carry out immune responses

82
Q

what is the function of lymph nodes?

A

monitor composition of lymph. defence by engulfing pathogens. stimulates immune response.

83
Q

what is the function of the spleen?

A

monitor circulation of blood cells. engulfs pathogens. recycles red blood cells. produces immune response. pretty much just a large lymph node.

84
Q

what is the lymphatic function of the thymus?

A

controls development and maintenance of the t cells lymphocytes.

85
Q

what are the components of the cardiovascular system?

A

the heart, blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins) and blood.

86
Q

what is the function of the heart?

A

to propel blood and maintain blood pressure.

87
Q

what is the function of arteries?

A

to transport blood from the heart to the capillaries.

88
Q

what is the function of the capillaries?

A

diffusion between blood and interstitial fluid.

89
Q

what is the function of veins?

A

to return blood from the capillaries to the heart.

90
Q

what are the functions of the blood?

A

transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. transport nutrients and hormones. removes waste. temperature regulation. defence against illness (immune cells). acid base balance (-hco3).

91
Q

what are the components of the respiratory system?

A

nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. pharynx. larynx. trachea. bronchi. lungs.

92
Q

what are the functions of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses?

A

filter, warm and humidify the air and detect smells.

93
Q

what is the function of the pharynx?

A

to conduct air to the larynx.

94
Q

what systems are the pharynx in?

A

the respiratory and digestive systems.

95
Q

what is the function of the larynx?

A

protects opening to the trachea whilst containing vocal cords for vocalisation.

96
Q

what is the function of the trachea?

A

conducts air. cartilage keeps it open.

97
Q

what is the function of the bronchi?

A

conducts air between the trachea and the lungs.

98
Q

what is the function of the lungs?

A

air movement. gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveoli. acid base control.

99
Q

what are the components of the digestive system?

A

oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine, anus.

100
Q

what is function of the oral cavity?

A

breaks up food working with teeth and tongue.

101
Q

what is the function of salivary glands?

A

buffers and lubricates enzymes to begin digestion.

102
Q

what is the digestive function of the pharynx?

A

solid food and liquids to the oesophagus chamber shared with respiratory system.

103
Q

what is the function of the oesophagus?

A

to deliver food to the stomach

104
Q

what is the function of the stomach?

A

secretes acid, enzymes and hormones to digest food.

105
Q

what is the function of the small intestine?

A

digestive enzymes. buffers and hormones. absorbs nutrients.

106
Q

what is the function of the liver?

A

secretes bile and regulates nutrients in the blood.

107
Q

what is the function of the gallbladder?

A

concentrates bile

108
Q

what is the digestive function of the pancreas?

A

digestive enzymes, buffers, endocrine cells.

109
Q

what is the function of the large intestine?

A

water removal

110
Q

what is the function of anus?

A

water storage and removal.

111
Q

what are the components of the urinary system?

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.

112
Q

what is the urinary function of the kidneys?

A

form and concentrate urine. regulate ph and ions. blood volume and pressure. endocrine function (production of blood cells and mineral balance)

113
Q

what is the function of the ureters?

A

conducts urine to the bladder.

114
Q

what is the function of the bladder?

A

stores urine prior to elimination.

115
Q

what is the urinary function of the urethra?

A

conducts urine to exterior.

116
Q

what systems is the urethra in?

A

urinary and reproductive

117
Q

what are the components of the male reproductive system?

A

testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate gland, urethra, penis, scrotum.

118
Q

what is the function of the testes?

A

produce sperm.

119
Q

what systems are the testes in?

A

the reproductive and endocrine system.

120
Q

what is the function of epididymis?

A

sperm maturation

121
Q

what is the function of ductus deferens?

A

the tube that receives sperm from the epididymis

122
Q

what is the function of the seminal glands?

A

secretion of seminal fluid

123
Q

what is the function of the prostate glands?

A

secretion of seminal fluid

124
Q

what is the reproductive function of the urethra?

A

to take sperm to the exterior

125
Q

what is the function of the penis?

A

transport sperm and protective fluid (semen)

126
Q

what is the function of the scrotum?

A

thermal control of the testes

127
Q

what is the reproductive function of the ovaries?

A

to produce oocytes and hormones

128
Q

what systems are the ovaries in?

A

endocrine and reproductive

129
Q

what is the function of the uterine/fallopian tubes

A

delivers oocyte from ovary to uterine cavity. location of fertilisation.

130
Q

what is the function of the uterus?

A

embryonic development

131
Q

what is the function of the vagina and external genitalia?

A

lubrication, sperm reception and birth canal.

132
Q

what is the reproductive function of the mammary glands?

A

nutrition of newborns.

BIOSCI107 (8 decks)

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