Module 1: Basic Tissue Types Flashcards
(178 cards)
1
Q
What are the four basic tissue types?
A
Epithelium, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue
2
Q
What is the epitheliums function?
A
Protection
3
Q
What is the connective tissues function?
A
Support
4
Q
What is the muscle tissues function?
A
Movement
5
Q
What is the nervous tissues function?
A
Control
6
Q
Describe epithelium
A
Covering, lining, glands
7
Q
Describe connective tissue
A
Connecting, supporting
8
Q
Describe muscle tissue
A
Contractile
9
Q
Describe nervous tissue
A
Generate and transmit waves of excitation/nerve impulses
10
Q
Where is epithelium found?
A
Lining almost all body surfaces and cavities
11
Q
When is epithelium called “endothelium”?
A
When lining blood or lymphatic vessels
12
Q
When is epithelium called “mesothelium”?
A
When lining serous body cavities
13
Q
What are the main functions of the epithelium?
A
Absorption, protection, secretion
14
Q
What is basement membrane?
A
Supporting structure of the epithelium, separates epithelium from support tissue
15
Q
What does muscle and nervous tissue have instead of basement membrane?
A
External laminae
16
Q
What is the basal surface of the epithelium?
A
The part touching the basement membrane
17
Q
What is the apical surface of the epithelium?
A
The side that faces outwards
18
Q
What is an anchoring junctions function?
A
Provides mechanical strength
19
Q
What is an occluding junctions function?
A
Links cells to form an impermeable barrier
20
Q
What is a communication junctions function?
A
Allows communication between cells
21
Q
How is epithelium classified? (3)
A
- Number of layers
- Cell shape
- Surface specialization
22
Q
What is simple epithelium?
A
One layer of cells
23
Q
What is stratified epithelium?
A
At least two layers of cells
24
Q
What is pseudostratified epithelium?
A
One layer of cells appearing to be more
25
What are the three epithelial cell shapes?
1. Squamous
2. Cuboidal
3. Columnar
26
What kinds of epithelium surface specializations may be present?
Keratin, cilia, microvilli, stereocilia
27
What is the function of simple epithelium?
Absorption, secretion, or selective diffusion
| Little to no protection
28
What is simple squamous epithelium? What is its function?
Flattened irregular cells
| Passive transport or gases or fluids
29
Where is simple squamous epithelium found?
Lungs (gas transport), capillaries (fluid transport)
| Possibly pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavity linings
30
What is simple cuboidal epithelium? What is its function?
Square cells
| Excretory, secretory, or absorptive
31
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?
Lining small ducts/tubules
| Kidney collecting ducts, salivary glands, pancreas
32
What is simple columnar epithelium? What is its function?
Rectangular cells, nuclei at base, center, or apex
| Highly absorptive or secretory
33
Where is simple columnar epithelium found?
Mucosa of small intestine, stomach, gallbladder
34
What is simple columnar ciliated epithelium? What is its function?
Rectangle cells with surface cilia
| Propel fluid or minute particle across epithelial surface
35
Where is simple columnar ciliated epithelium found?
Fallopian tubes
36
What is pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium? What is another name for it?
Appear stratified but only one layer of rectangle cells with cilia
Respiratory epithelium
37
Where is pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium found?
Larger airways of respiratory system
38
What is the function of stratified epithelium?
Protection
| Little to no secretion or absorption
39
What is stratified squamous epithelium? What is its function?
Layers of squamous cells from cuboidal basal layer
| Withstands moderate abrasion
40
Where is stratified squamous epithelium found?
Oral cavity, pharynx, vagina
| Esophagus, cervix, tonsils
41
Why is the basal layer of stratified squamous epithelium cuboidal and the upper layers are squamous?
Cuboidal cells undergo mitotic division and the cells moves upwards as it matures and degenerates until it is eventually sloughed
42
What is stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium?
Layers of squamous cells from cuboidal basal layer with apical layer of keratin
43
What is keratin?
Tough non-cellular layer of protein and degenerated epithelial cells
44
Where is stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium found?
Skin
45
What is stratified cuboidal epithelium? What is its function?
Layers of cuboidal cells
| More robust lining that simple cuboidal epithelium
46
Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?
Lining larger excretory ducts
| Salivary glands, sweat glands, pancreas
47
What is stratified columnar epithelium?
Two layers of columnar cells
48
Where is stratified columnar epithelium found?
RARE
| Ocular conjunctiva, largest salivary gland ducts, parts of the urethra
49
What is transitional epithelium? What is its function?
Form of stratified squamous epithelium
| Withstands large amount of stretching and toxicity of urine
50
What does transitional epithelium look like in its non-distended state?
Four to five layers
| Basal cuboidal, polygonal, or dome shaped cells
51
What does transitional epithelium look like in its distended state?
Two to three extremely flat layers
52
Where is transitional epithelium found?
Urinary tract from renal pelvis to urethra
53
What is glandular epithelia's main function?
Secretion
54
What are the two classifications of glands?
Exocrine and endocrine
55
What are exocrine glands? What do they do?
Glands composed of epithelial cells that are specialized for secretion
Secretes onto the surface of the epithelium
56
How are exocrine glands classified? (4)
1. Duct arrangement
2. Shape of secretory unit
3. Type of secretion
4. Discharge of products
57
What are the two types of exocrine duct arrangements?
Unbranched in simple glands
| Branched in compound glands
58
What are unbranched exocrine glands?
Glands with a single unbranched duct
59
What might the secretory portion of an unbranched exocrine gland look like?
May be tubular or acinar
| Maybe be coiled and/or branched
60
What are branched exocrine glands?
Glands with a branched duct
61
What might the secretory portion of a branched exocrine gland look like?
May be tubular and/or acinar draining into the same duct
| May be coiled and/or branched
62
What are the possible shapes of exocrine gland secretory units? (3)
Tubular, acinar/alveolar, or tubuloacinar
63
What are acinar/alveolar exocrine secretory units?
Secretory units that appear grape like and are somewhat spherical
64
What are the types of secretions an exocrine gland may have? (3)
Serous, mucous, mixed
65
What is serous secretion of an exocrine gland?
Watery secretion, may contain enzymes
66
What is mucous secretion of an exocrine gland?
Mucous, viscous glycoproteins
67
How might an exocrine gland discharge its secretory products? (3)
Merocrine/eccrine, apocrine, holocrine
68
How do merocrine/eccrine exocrine glands secrete?
Secretory vessels fuse with cell membrane to discharge their products
69
Where are merocrine/eccrine exocrine glands found?
Most common
| Exocrine pancreas, salivary glands, sweat glands
70
How do apocrine exocrine glands secrete?
Similar to merocrine/eccrine
| Fuse with cell membrane to secrete but also lose part of the secretory cell
71
Where are apocrine exocrine glands found?
Axillae (armpit), breasts, pubic and perineal regions
| Only secrete after puberty
72
How do holocrine exocrine glands secrete?
Whole secretory cells is discharged and disintegrates to release secretion
73
Where do holocrine exocrine glands secrete?
Primarily in sebaceous glands
74
Describe and give examples of simple tubular glands
Single straight tubular lumen
| Large intestine and appendix glands
75
Describe and give examples of simple coiled tubular glands
Single tightly coiled lumen
| Sweat glands
76
Describe and give examples of simple branched tubular glands
Several tubular portions drain into single unbranched duct
| Pyloric stomach glands
77
Describe and give examples of simple acinar glands
Pockets in epithelial surface lined by secretory cells
| Mucous glands in urethra
78
Describe and give examples of simple branched acinar glands
Several acini that empty into single excretory duct
| Sebaceous glands
79
Describe and give examples of compound tubular glands
Tubular branched or coiled gland secrets into branched duct system
Brunner's glands in duodenum
80
Describe and give examples of compound acinar glands
Secretory acini drain into branched duct system
| Exocrine pancreas
81
Describe and give examples of compound tubuloacinar glands
Mixture of compound tubular and acinar glands
| Salivary glands, prostate glands
82
What are endocrine glands?
Clumps of secretory cells surrounded by capillaries
| No ducts
83
How do endocrine glands secrete?
Hormones secreted into intercellular spaces then it diffuses into capillaries
84
What are examples of endocrine glands?
```
Pituitary gland, adrenal gland
Endocrine pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
```
85
Name the 3 types of muscle
Smooth, skeletal, heart/cardiac
86
Describe skeletal muscle
Elongated, unbranched, cylindrical, striated
Numerous flattened peripheral nuclei
Arranged in bundles
87
What is skeletal muscles function?
Voluntary movement of skeleton and organs
| Short forceful contractions
88
Describe smooth muscle
Elongated, spindle shaped, pointed ends, not striated
| One elongated central nucleus
89
What is smooth muscles function?
Involuntary movement
| Continuous rhythmic low force contractions
90
Where is smooth muscle found?
Gastrointestinal tract, uterus, bladder, blood vessels
91
Describe cardiac muscle
Long, branched, striated, intercalated discs at branches
| One or two elongated central nuclei
92
What do intercalated discs of cardiac muscle do?
Have low electrical resistance to permit rapid spread of contractile force throughout the heart
93
What are contractile cells?
Muscle cells that function on their own
94
Name the 3 contractile cells and where to find them
Myoepithelial cells - secretory glands
Pericytes - smooth muscle cells surrounding blood vessels
Myofibroblasts - scar formation, secrete collagen
95
Name the 3 classifications of connective tissue
Collagen, elastic, adipose
96
What is connective tissues function?
Provide structural and metabolic support
| Carry blood vessels and mediate material exchange
97
What is connective tissue composed of?
Extracellular matrix and specialized support cells
98
Name the six specialized support cells and their function
Fibroblasts - extracellular matrix (collagen, elastin)
Chondrocytes - extracellular matrix of cartilage
Osteocytes - extracellular matrix of bone
Myofibroblasts - contractile and secretory function
Adipocytes - fat storage, cushioning
Mast cells/macrophages - immunity
99
What is extracellular matrix?
Ground substance and fibers from support cells
100
What is ground substance?
Gel-like material of glycoproteins, fibronectin, and glycosaminoglycans (primarily hyaluronic acid)
Mostly combined with proteins to form proteoglycans
101
What are the two major types of collagen?
Collagen I
| Collagen III - Reticulin
102
What is collagen I?
Collagen, 90% of all collagen
| Dense or loose
103
Where is collagen I found?
Dermis, tendons, ligaments, in bone
104
What is collagen III?
Reticulin, collagin fibrils
| Fine branching network
105
Where is collagen III found? What is its function?
Highly cellular tissues
Liver, lymph nodes
Provides support
106
Name 3 other significant collagens
Collagen II - hyaline cartilage
Collagen IV - basement membrane
Collagen VII - anchor fibrils to basement membrane
107
What is elastic made of?
Amorphous proteins, elastin, glycoprotein, microfibrils
108
Where is elastic found?
Artery walls, skin, bladder
| Sheets of elastic laminae in some vessels
109
What is adipose tissue?
Fat, fat storage cells
110
Where is adipose found?
In most connective tissues
111
What is the function of adipose?
Energy reserve, insulation, cushioning/padding
112
Name the two types of adipose and where they are found
White fat - adults
| Brown fat - newborns, small amount in adults
113
What are the two components of the nervous system and what do they consist of?
CNS - brain and spinal cord
| PNS - brain and spinal cord extensions, cranial and spinal nerves, nodules of associated neuronal cell bodies (ganglia)
114
What is grey matter? What is white matter?
Grey matter - neuron cell bodies and associated fibers, neuroglia
White matter - tracts of nerve fibers, some neuroglia, mainly oligodendrocytes
115
What is the outer surface of the brain and spinal cord covered with?
Three layers of specialized connective tissue
| Meninges
116
Where is the gray matter and white matter in the cerebrum?
Gray matter is on the outside (6 layers), white matter is on the inside (fiber tracts and central core)
117
Name the 2 layers of the cerebellum and how they stain
Gray matter/cortical covering - stains blue
| White matter/medullary core - stains pink
118
Name the 3 layers of the gray matter
Molecular (outer)
Purkinje cells
Granular (inner)
119
What are Purkinje cells?
Large multipolar neurons
120
Describe the layers of the spinal cord
Center butterfly shaped gray matter
| Outer white matter
121
What are the two parts of the PNS? What are their functions?
ANS - involuntary functions (circulatory, smooth and cardiac muscle, exocrine glands, other viscea)
SNS - voluntary functions (skeletal muscle)
122
What are the basic parts of a neuron?
Cell body containing nucleus and cytoplasm (perikaryon), axon/nerve fiber, axon hillock, dendrites, terminal boutons
123
Describe a multipolar neuron
Most common
| Many dendrites at one pole or all parts of the cell body
124
Describe a bipolar neuron
Single dendrite from pole opposite to the axon
125
What are bipolar neurons used for?
Senses of smell, sight, and balance
126
Describe a pseudo-unipolar neuron
Single dendrite and axon from common stem of cell body
127
What is Nissl substance?
Clumps og basophilic cytoplasmic material in neurons
| Represents the rough ER
128
Where is Nissl substance found?
In perikaryon and dendrites
129
What does the lack of Nissl substance suggest?
Nerve damage1
130
What is neuroglia?
Support cell masses that support neurons
131
Name the 4 types of neuroglia cells
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
132
What are astrocytes?
Star-shaped cells
Must numerous cells in gray matter
Long highly branched processes, many have perivascular feet at capillaries
133
What do astrocytes do?
Mediate some metabolic exchange between neurons and blood
134
What are oligodendrocytes?
Medium size, small amount of short branching processes
| Predominant cell in white matter
135
What do oligodendrocytes do?
Myelination of axons in the CNS
| Dendrites are short pedicles that connect the cell body to the myelin sheath
136
What are microglia?
Small phagocytic cells
Small irregular nuclei, little cytoplasm
Fine highly branched processes
137
What do microglia do?
CNS macrophages
| In response to damage they become large amoeboid phagocytic cells
138
What are ependymal cells?
Simple cuboidal epithelial lining of brain and spinal canal ventricles
Cilated at luminal surface
Single branched process from base intermingles with astrocytes
139
What do ependymal cells do?
Cilia propels CSF in ventricles
140
The term mesothelium refers to the lining of which of the following?
a. blood vessel
b. serous body cavity
c. intestinal tract
d. lymphatic vessel
b. serous body cavity
141
Which statement is true regarding the basement membrane?
a. separates support tissue from muscle layers below it
b. penetrated by blood vessels
c. strength comes from occluding junctions
d. all epithelial tissues are attached to it
d. all epithelial tissues are attached to it
142
Which is not a characteristic used to classify epithelial tissue?
a. function
b. number of layers
c. cell shape
d. surface specialization
a. function
143
How would you classify an epithelial tissue that has cells three times as tall as they are wide, is one layer thick, and have cilia on its surface?
a. stratified columnar ciliated
b. simple columnar ciliated
c. simple cuboidal ciliated
d. stratified cuboidal ciliated
b. simple columnar ciliated epithelium
144
What is the basal surface of a cell?
a. surface opposite the basement membrane
b. surface that touches the cell beside it
c. surface that faces the basement membrane
d. surface that reaches the lumen
c. surface that faces the basement membrane
145
List the main functions of epithelial tissue
Protection
Absorption
Secretion
146
Describe the appearance of transitional epithelium in the distended and non-distended states
distended - appears to be 2-3 layers thick with extremely flattened layers
non-distended - appears 4-5 layers thick with cuboidal, polygonal, and dome shaped cells
147
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
1. Villi and cilia are the same thing
2. Pseudostratified epithelium is an example of simple epithelium because all cells reach the basement membrane
3. Classification by cell shape is based on shape of the cells closest to the basement membrane
4. The primary function of stratified epithelium is protection
1. False
2. True
3. False
4. True
148
Categorize each statement by describing it as either an endocrine or exocrine gland
1. Secretes by means of a duct
2. Maintains continuity with the epithelial surface
3. Secretes directly into the circulatory system
4. Consists of clumps of secretory cells
5. Secretes to the surface
6. Is ductless
7. Surrounded by rich capillary network
8. May be classified by secretory unit shape
1. Exocrine
2. Exocrine
3. Endocrine
4. Endocrine
5. Exocrine
6. Endocrine
7. Endocrine
8. Exocrine
149
Describe the 4 ways and exocrine glands may be classified
1. Duct arrangement
2. Shape of secretory unit
3. Type of secretion
4. Means of discharge
150
Which of the following is true of compound glands?
a. they may contain tubular or acinar forms but not both
b. have a branched duct
c. secrete directly into the blood stream
d. have a single unbranched duct
b. have a branched duct
151
Which of the following describes simple glands?
a. may have branched secretory portions
b. often have acinar and tubular forms draining into one duct
c. have a branched duct
d. secrete directly into the blood stream
a. may have branched secretory portions
152
What do serous glands secrete?
a. seromucous mixture
b. watery secretion containing glycoproteins
c. mucous secretion containing glycoproteins
d. watery secretion containing enzymes
d. watery secretion containing enzymes
153
What are glands that have secretory vessels which fuse with cell membrane to discharge their product called?
a. eccrine
b. apocrine
c. merocrine
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
154
Which type of glands only secrete after puberty?
a. eccrine
b. apocrine
c. merocrine
d. holocrine
b. apocrine
155
What type of gland has secretory cells which are discharged and disintegrate to allow release of the product?
a. eccrine
b. apocrine
c. merocrine
d. holocrine
d. holocrine
156
List and describe the 3 shapes of a secretory unit
1. Tubular
2. Acinar - grape/spherical
3. Tubuloacinar
157
Indicate whether the following statement are true of false
1. The pancreas is both and exocrine and endocrine gland
2. Sweat glands are holocrine glands
3. Eccrine and merocrine may be used interchangeably
4. Holocrine glands are found in axillae, breat, pubic, and perineal regions
5. Endocrine glands secrete hormones into intercellular space
1. True
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. True
158
List the 3 types of muscle and 2 other names for each
1. Skeletal, voluntary, striated
2. Visceral, involuntary, smooth
3. Cardiac, heart, myocardium
159
For each statement indicate which type of muscle it applies to
1. Cross-striations are present
2. Nuclei are numerous, flattened, and peripherally located
3. Muscle fibers are spindle shaped
4. Muscle fibers have branching cytoplasm
5. Contraction is low force and rhythmic
6. Nuclei are centrally located
7. Intercalated discs are present at junctions
1. Skeletal, cardiac
2. Skeletal
3. Visceral
4. Cardiac
5. Visceral
6. Cardiac, visceral
7. Cardiac
160
List and give the locations of 3 contractile cells that function on their own
Myoepithelial - secretory glands
Pericytes - surround blood vessels
Myofibrils - scar formation, secrete collagen
161
Connective tissue provides _______ and _______ support. It is composed of _______ _____ and _______ _____ _____ which produce the _______ _____. The extracellular matrix includes the _______ produced by the support cells and a gel-like material called _______ _______. This forms a medium for the transport of materials between _______ and the _______ _____.
```
structural
metabolic
extracellular matrix
specialized support cells
extracellular matrix
fibers
ground substance
tissues
circulatory system
```
162
What is ground substance made of?
a. proteoglycans
b. glycosaminoglycans
c. glycoproteins
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
163
How does ground substance appear microscopically after routine staining?
a. purple
b. unstained
c. pink
d. blue
b. unstained
164
What 2 broad categories are fibers classified into based on fiber type?
a. dense and loose
b. extracellular matrix and ground substance
c. collagenous and elastic
d. collagen and reticulin
c. collagenous and elastic
165
What type of collagen fiber is predominant and makes up about 90% of all collagen found in tissues?
a. Type I
b. Type III
c. Reticulin
d. Elastic
a. Type I
166
What was type III collagen formerly classified as?
a. collagen
b. elastic
c. reticulin
d. ground substance
c. reticulin
167
What are the sheets formed by elastic fibers called?
a. tonofibrils
b. elastic laminae
c. fibril aggregates
d. extracellular matrix
b. elastic laminae
168
Where are large amounts of elastic fiber found?
a. skin, bladder, liver
b. arteries, liver, bladder
c. liver, arteries, skin
d. bladder, skin, arteries
d. bladder, skin, arteries
169
What is the function of adipose tissue?
a. padding or cushion
b. insulation against heat loss
c. energy reserve
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
170
How do fat cells appear microscopically after routine processing and staining?
a. circle with pink center
b. jagged edge dark pink interior
c. signet-ring appearance
d. dark staining cytoplasm and nucleus
c. signet-ring appearance
171
What does white matter consist of?
a. nerve fibers
b. neuron cell bodies
c. vast number of neuroglia
d. all of the above
a. nerve fibers
172
In what part of the central nervous system are Purkinje cells found?
a. cerebral cortex
b. spinal cord
c. cerebellum
d. cerebral medulla
c. cerebellum
173
How is the peripheral nervous system divided functionally?
a. cranial and spinal nerves
b. autonomic and somatic
c. white and grey matter
d. cortex and medulla
b. autonomic and somatic
174
Neurons are ___ - _______ highly specialized cells that respond to _______. The cytoplasm is known as _______. Process of 2 types extend from the cell body; a single _____ and one or more _______. The axon arises from a cone-shaped portion of the cell body called the ____ _______. The axon terminates in small swellings called ______ ______. Axons are commonly referred to as _____ ______.
```
non-dividing
stimuli
perikaryon
axon
dendrites
axon hillock
terminal boutons
nerve fibers
```
175
List the 3 main types of neurons and briefly describe their structure
1. multipolar - most common, many dendrites from one pole or several places
2. bipolar - single dendrite from pole opposite to axon
3. pseudo-unipolar - single dendrite and axon from common stem
176
What does Nissl substance represent?
a. rough endoplasmic reticulum
b. Golgi apparatus
c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
d. chromatin
a. rough endoplasmic reticulum
177
Where is Nissl substance found?
a. perikaryon
b. dendrites
c. axon
d. a and b
e. b and c
f. all of the above
d. a and b
178
Indicate which neuroglial cell each statement is referring to
1. Analogous to the Schwann cell of the PBS
2. Long highly branched processes give it a star-shaped appearance
3. Small phagocytic cells, part of macrophage-monocyte defense
3. Simple cuboidal ciliated epithelial lining, unsupported by a basement membrane
4. Responsible for myelination
5. Most numerous glial cell in gray matter
1. Oligodendrocyte
2. Astrocyte
3. Microglia
4. Ependymal cells
5. Oligodendrocyte
6. Astrocyte
