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Histology 1 > Module 1: Basic Tissue Types > Flashcards

Module 1: Basic Tissue Types Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four basic tissue types?

A

Epithelium, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue

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2
Q

What is the epitheliums function?

A

Protection

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3
Q

What is the connective tissues function?

A

Support

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4
Q

What is the muscle tissues function?

A

Movement

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5
Q

What is the nervous tissues function?

A

Control

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6
Q

Describe epithelium

A

Covering, lining, glands

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7
Q

Describe connective tissue

A

Connecting, supporting

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8
Q

Describe muscle tissue

A

Contractile

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9
Q

Describe nervous tissue

A

Generate and transmit waves of excitation/nerve impulses

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10
Q

Where is epithelium found?

A

Lining almost all body surfaces and cavities

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11
Q

When is epithelium called “endothelium”?

A

When lining blood or lymphatic vessels

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12
Q

When is epithelium called “mesothelium”?

A

When lining serous body cavities

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13
Q

What are the main functions of the epithelium?

A

Absorption, protection, secretion

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14
Q

What is basement membrane?

A

Supporting structure of the epithelium, separates epithelium from support tissue

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15
Q

What does muscle and nervous tissue have instead of basement membrane?

A

External laminae

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16
Q

What is the basal surface of the epithelium?

A

The part touching the basement membrane

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17
Q

What is the apical surface of the epithelium?

A

The side that faces outwards

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18
Q

What is an anchoring junctions function?

A

Provides mechanical strength

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19
Q

What is an occluding junctions function?

A

Links cells to form an impermeable barrier

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20
Q

What is a communication junctions function?

A

Allows communication between cells

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21
Q

How is epithelium classified? (3)

A
  1. Number of layers
  2. Cell shape
  3. Surface specialization
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22
Q

What is simple epithelium?

A

One layer of cells

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23
Q

What is stratified epithelium?

A

At least two layers of cells

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24
Q

What is pseudostratified epithelium?

A

One layer of cells appearing to be more

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25
Q

What are the three epithelial cell shapes?

A
  1. Squamous
  2. Cuboidal
  3. Columnar
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26
Q

What kinds of epithelium surface specializations may be present?

A

Keratin, cilia, microvilli, stereocilia

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27
Q

What is the function of simple epithelium?

A

Absorption, secretion, or selective diffusion

Little to no protection

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28
Q

What is simple squamous epithelium? What is its function?

A

Flattened irregular cells

Passive transport or gases or fluids

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29
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

A

Lungs (gas transport), capillaries (fluid transport)

Possibly pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavity linings

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30
Q

What is simple cuboidal epithelium? What is its function?

A

Square cells

Excretory, secretory, or absorptive

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31
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?

A

Lining small ducts/tubules

Kidney collecting ducts, salivary glands, pancreas

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32
Q

What is simple columnar epithelium? What is its function?

A

Rectangular cells, nuclei at base, center, or apex

Highly absorptive or secretory

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33
Q

Where is simple columnar epithelium found?

A

Mucosa of small intestine, stomach, gallbladder

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34
Q

What is simple columnar ciliated epithelium? What is its function?

A

Rectangle cells with surface cilia

Propel fluid or minute particle across epithelial surface

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35
Q

Where is simple columnar ciliated epithelium found?

A

Fallopian tubes

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36
Q

What is pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium? What is another name for it?

A

Appear stratified but only one layer of rectangle cells with cilia
Respiratory epithelium

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37
Q

Where is pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium found?

A

Larger airways of respiratory system

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38
Q

What is the function of stratified epithelium?

A

Protection

Little to no secretion or absorption

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39
Q

What is stratified squamous epithelium? What is its function?

A

Layers of squamous cells from cuboidal basal layer

Withstands moderate abrasion

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40
Q

Where is stratified squamous epithelium found?

A

Oral cavity, pharynx, vagina

Esophagus, cervix, tonsils

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41
Q

Why is the basal layer of stratified squamous epithelium cuboidal and the upper layers are squamous?

A

Cuboidal cells undergo mitotic division and the cells moves upwards as it matures and degenerates until it is eventually sloughed

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42
Q

What is stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium?

A

Layers of squamous cells from cuboidal basal layer with apical layer of keratin

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43
Q

What is keratin?

A

Tough non-cellular layer of protein and degenerated epithelial cells

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44
Q

Where is stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium found?

A

Skin

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45
Q

What is stratified cuboidal epithelium? What is its function?

A

Layers of cuboidal cells

More robust lining that simple cuboidal epithelium

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46
Q

Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?

A

Lining larger excretory ducts

Salivary glands, sweat glands, pancreas

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47
Q

What is stratified columnar epithelium?

A

Two layers of columnar cells

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48
Q

Where is stratified columnar epithelium found?

A

RARE

Ocular conjunctiva, largest salivary gland ducts, parts of the urethra

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49
Q

What is transitional epithelium? What is its function?

A

Form of stratified squamous epithelium

Withstands large amount of stretching and toxicity of urine

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50
Q

What does transitional epithelium look like in its non-distended state?

A

Four to five layers

Basal cuboidal, polygonal, or dome shaped cells

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51
Q

What does transitional epithelium look like in its distended state?

A

Two to three extremely flat layers

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52
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found?

A

Urinary tract from renal pelvis to urethra

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53
Q

What is glandular epithelia’s main function?

A

Secretion

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54
Q

What are the two classifications of glands?

A

Exocrine and endocrine

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55
Q

What are exocrine glands? What do they do?

A

Glands composed of epithelial cells that are specialized for secretion
Secretes onto the surface of the epithelium

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56
Q

How are exocrine glands classified? (4)

A
  1. Duct arrangement
  2. Shape of secretory unit
  3. Type of secretion
  4. Discharge of products
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57
Q

What are the two types of exocrine duct arrangements?

A

Unbranched in simple glands

Branched in compound glands

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58
Q

What are unbranched exocrine glands?

A

Glands with a single unbranched duct

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59
Q

What might the secretory portion of an unbranched exocrine gland look like?

A

May be tubular or acinar

Maybe be coiled and/or branched

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60
Q

What are branched exocrine glands?

A

Glands with a branched duct

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61
Q

What might the secretory portion of a branched exocrine gland look like?

A

May be tubular and/or acinar draining into the same duct

May be coiled and/or branched

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62
Q

What are the possible shapes of exocrine gland secretory units? (3)

A

Tubular, acinar/alveolar, or tubuloacinar

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63
Q

What are acinar/alveolar exocrine secretory units?

A

Secretory units that appear grape like and are somewhat spherical

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64
Q

What are the types of secretions an exocrine gland may have? (3)

A

Serous, mucous, mixed

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65
Q

What is serous secretion of an exocrine gland?

A

Watery secretion, may contain enzymes

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66
Q

What is mucous secretion of an exocrine gland?

A

Mucous, viscous glycoproteins

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67
Q

How might an exocrine gland discharge its secretory products? (3)

A

Merocrine/eccrine, apocrine, holocrine

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68
Q

How do merocrine/eccrine exocrine glands secrete?

A

Secretory vessels fuse with cell membrane to discharge their products

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69
Q

Where are merocrine/eccrine exocrine glands found?

A

Most common

Exocrine pancreas, salivary glands, sweat glands

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70
Q

How do apocrine exocrine glands secrete?

A

Similar to merocrine/eccrine

Fuse with cell membrane to secrete but also lose part of the secretory cell

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71
Q

Where are apocrine exocrine glands found?

A

Axillae (armpit), breasts, pubic and perineal regions

Only secrete after puberty

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72
Q

How do holocrine exocrine glands secrete?

A

Whole secretory cells is discharged and disintegrates to release secretion

73
Q

Where do holocrine exocrine glands secrete?

A

Primarily in sebaceous glands

74
Q

Describe and give examples of simple tubular glands

A

Single straight tubular lumen

Large intestine and appendix glands

75
Q

Describe and give examples of simple coiled tubular glands

A

Single tightly coiled lumen

Sweat glands

76
Q

Describe and give examples of simple branched tubular glands

A

Several tubular portions drain into single unbranched duct

Pyloric stomach glands

77
Q

Describe and give examples of simple acinar glands

A

Pockets in epithelial surface lined by secretory cells

Mucous glands in urethra

78
Q

Describe and give examples of simple branched acinar glands

A

Several acini that empty into single excretory duct

Sebaceous glands

79
Q

Describe and give examples of compound tubular glands

A

Tubular branched or coiled gland secrets into branched duct system
Brunner’s glands in duodenum

80
Q

Describe and give examples of compound acinar glands

A

Secretory acini drain into branched duct system

Exocrine pancreas

81
Q

Describe and give examples of compound tubuloacinar glands

A

Mixture of compound tubular and acinar glands

Salivary glands, prostate glands

82
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Clumps of secretory cells surrounded by capillaries

No ducts

83
Q

How do endocrine glands secrete?

A

Hormones secreted into intercellular spaces then it diffuses into capillaries

84
Q

What are examples of endocrine glands?

A 
Pituitary gland, adrenal gland
Endocrine pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
85
Q

Name the 3 types of muscle

A

Smooth, skeletal, heart/cardiac

86
Q

Describe skeletal muscle

A

Elongated, unbranched, cylindrical, striated
Numerous flattened peripheral nuclei
Arranged in bundles

87
Q

What is skeletal muscles function?

A

Voluntary movement of skeleton and organs

Short forceful contractions

88
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A

Elongated, spindle shaped, pointed ends, not striated

One elongated central nucleus

89
Q

What is smooth muscles function?

A

Involuntary movement

Continuous rhythmic low force contractions

90
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

Gastrointestinal tract, uterus, bladder, blood vessels

91
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A

Long, branched, striated, intercalated discs at branches

One or two elongated central nuclei

92
Q

What do intercalated discs of cardiac muscle do?

A

Have low electrical resistance to permit rapid spread of contractile force throughout the heart

93
Q

What are contractile cells?

A

Muscle cells that function on their own

94
Q

Name the 3 contractile cells and where to find them

A

Myoepithelial cells - secretory glands
Pericytes - smooth muscle cells surrounding blood vessels
Myofibroblasts - scar formation, secrete collagen

95
Q

Name the 3 classifications of connective tissue

A

Collagen, elastic, adipose

96
Q

What is connective tissues function?

A

Provide structural and metabolic support

Carry blood vessels and mediate material exchange

97
Q

What is connective tissue composed of?

A

Extracellular matrix and specialized support cells

98
Q

Name the six specialized support cells and their function

A

Fibroblasts - extracellular matrix (collagen, elastin)
Chondrocytes - extracellular matrix of cartilage
Osteocytes - extracellular matrix of bone
Myofibroblasts - contractile and secretory function
Adipocytes - fat storage, cushioning
Mast cells/macrophages - immunity

99
Q

What is extracellular matrix?

A

Ground substance and fibers from support cells

100
Q

What is ground substance?

A

Gel-like material of glycoproteins, fibronectin, and glycosaminoglycans (primarily hyaluronic acid)
Mostly combined with proteins to form proteoglycans

101
Q

What are the two major types of collagen?

A

Collagen I

Collagen III - Reticulin

102
Q

What is collagen I?

A

Collagen, 90% of all collagen

Dense or loose

103
Q

Where is collagen I found?

A

Dermis, tendons, ligaments, in bone

104
Q

What is collagen III?

A

Reticulin, collagin fibrils

Fine branching network

105
Q

Where is collagen III found? What is its function?

A

Highly cellular tissues
Liver, lymph nodes
Provides support

106
Q

Name 3 other significant collagens

A

Collagen II - hyaline cartilage
Collagen IV - basement membrane
Collagen VII - anchor fibrils to basement membrane

107
Q

What is elastic made of?

A

Amorphous proteins, elastin, glycoprotein, microfibrils

108
Q

Where is elastic found?

A

Artery walls, skin, bladder

Sheets of elastic laminae in some vessels

109
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

Fat, fat storage cells

110
Q

Where is adipose found?

A

In most connective tissues

111
Q

What is the function of adipose?

A

Energy reserve, insulation, cushioning/padding

112
Q

Name the two types of adipose and where they are found

A

White fat - adults

Brown fat - newborns, small amount in adults

113
Q

What are the two components of the nervous system and what do they consist of?

A

CNS - brain and spinal cord

PNS - brain and spinal cord extensions, cranial and spinal nerves, nodules of associated neuronal cell bodies (ganglia)

114
Q

What is grey matter? What is white matter?

A

Grey matter - neuron cell bodies and associated fibers, neuroglia
White matter - tracts of nerve fibers, some neuroglia, mainly oligodendrocytes

115
Q

What is the outer surface of the brain and spinal cord covered with?

A

Three layers of specialized connective tissue

Meninges

116
Q

Where is the gray matter and white matter in the cerebrum?

A

Gray matter is on the outside (6 layers), white matter is on the inside (fiber tracts and central core)

117
Q

Name the 2 layers of the cerebellum and how they stain

A

Gray matter/cortical covering - stains blue

White matter/medullary core - stains pink

118
Q

Name the 3 layers of the gray matter

A

Molecular (outer)
Purkinje cells
Granular (inner)

119
Q

What are Purkinje cells?

A

Large multipolar neurons

120
Q

Describe the layers of the spinal cord

A

Center butterfly shaped gray matter

Outer white matter

121
Q

What are the two parts of the PNS? What are their functions?

A

ANS - involuntary functions (circulatory, smooth and cardiac muscle, exocrine glands, other viscea)
SNS - voluntary functions (skeletal muscle)

122
Q

What are the basic parts of a neuron?

A

Cell body containing nucleus and cytoplasm (perikaryon), axon/nerve fiber, axon hillock, dendrites, terminal boutons

123
Q

Describe a multipolar neuron

A

Most common

Many dendrites at one pole or all parts of the cell body

124
Q

Describe a bipolar neuron

A

Single dendrite from pole opposite to the axon

125
Q

What are bipolar neurons used for?

A

Senses of smell, sight, and balance

126
Q

Describe a pseudo-unipolar neuron

A

Single dendrite and axon from common stem of cell body

127
Q

What is Nissl substance?

A

Clumps og basophilic cytoplasmic material in neurons

Represents the rough ER

128
Q

Where is Nissl substance found?

A

In perikaryon and dendrites

129
Q

What does the lack of Nissl substance suggest?

A

Nerve damage1

130
Q

What is neuroglia?

A

Support cell masses that support neurons

131
Q

Name the 4 types of neuroglia cells

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

132
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

Star-shaped cells
Must numerous cells in gray matter
Long highly branched processes, many have perivascular feet at capillaries

133
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

Mediate some metabolic exchange between neurons and blood

134
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Medium size, small amount of short branching processes

Predominant cell in white matter

135
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

Myelination of axons in the CNS

Dendrites are short pedicles that connect the cell body to the myelin sheath

136
Q

What are microglia?

A

Small phagocytic cells
Small irregular nuclei, little cytoplasm
Fine highly branched processes

137
Q

What do microglia do?

A

CNS macrophages

In response to damage they become large amoeboid phagocytic cells

138
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelial lining of brain and spinal canal ventricles
Cilated at luminal surface
Single branched process from base intermingles with astrocytes

139
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

Cilia propels CSF in ventricles

140
Q

The term mesothelium refers to the lining of which of the following?

a. blood vessel
b. serous body cavity
c. intestinal tract
d. lymphatic vessel

A

b. serous body cavity

141
Q

Which statement is true regarding the basement membrane?

a. separates support tissue from muscle layers below it
b. penetrated by blood vessels
c. strength comes from occluding junctions
d. all epithelial tissues are attached to it

A

d. all epithelial tissues are attached to it

142
Q

Which is not a characteristic used to classify epithelial tissue?

a. function
b. number of layers
c. cell shape
d. surface specialization

A

a. function

143
Q

How would you classify an epithelial tissue that has cells three times as tall as they are wide, is one layer thick, and have cilia on its surface?

a. stratified columnar ciliated
b. simple columnar ciliated
c. simple cuboidal ciliated
d. stratified cuboidal ciliated

A

b. simple columnar ciliated epithelium

144
Q

What is the basal surface of a cell?

a. surface opposite the basement membrane
b. surface that touches the cell beside it
c. surface that faces the basement membrane
d. surface that reaches the lumen

A

c. surface that faces the basement membrane

145
Q

List the main functions of epithelial tissue

A

Protection
Absorption
Secretion

146
Q

Describe the appearance of transitional epithelium in the distended and non-distended states

A

distended - appears to be 2-3 layers thick with extremely flattened layers
non-distended - appears 4-5 layers thick with cuboidal, polygonal, and dome shaped cells

147
Q

Indicate whether the statement is true or false

  1. Villi and cilia are the same thing
  2. Pseudostratified epithelium is an example of simple epithelium because all cells reach the basement membrane
  3. Classification by cell shape is based on shape of the cells closest to the basement membrane
  4. The primary function of stratified epithelium is protection
A
  1. False
  2. True
  3. False
  4. True
148
Q

Categorize each statement by describing it as either an endocrine or exocrine gland

  1. Secretes by means of a duct
  2. Maintains continuity with the epithelial surface
  3. Secretes directly into the circulatory system
  4. Consists of clumps of secretory cells
  5. Secretes to the surface
  6. Is ductless
  7. Surrounded by rich capillary network
  8. May be classified by secretory unit shape
A
  1. Exocrine
  2. Exocrine
  3. Endocrine
  4. Endocrine
  5. Exocrine
  6. Endocrine
  7. Endocrine
  8. Exocrine
149
Q

Describe the 4 ways and exocrine glands may be classified

A
  1. Duct arrangement
  2. Shape of secretory unit
  3. Type of secretion
  4. Means of discharge
150
Q

Which of the following is true of compound glands?

a. they may contain tubular or acinar forms but not both
b. have a branched duct
c. secrete directly into the blood stream
d. have a single unbranched duct

A

b. have a branched duct

151
Q

Which of the following describes simple glands?

a. may have branched secretory portions
b. often have acinar and tubular forms draining into one duct
c. have a branched duct
d. secrete directly into the blood stream

A

a. may have branched secretory portions

152
Q

What do serous glands secrete?

a. seromucous mixture
b. watery secretion containing glycoproteins
c. mucous secretion containing glycoproteins
d. watery secretion containing enzymes

A

d. watery secretion containing enzymes

153
Q

What are glands that have secretory vessels which fuse with cell membrane to discharge their product called?

a. eccrine
b. apocrine
c. merocrine
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

154
Q

Which type of glands only secrete after puberty?

a. eccrine
b. apocrine
c. merocrine
d. holocrine

A

b. apocrine

155
Q

What type of gland has secretory cells which are discharged and disintegrate to allow release of the product?

a. eccrine
b. apocrine
c. merocrine
d. holocrine

A

d. holocrine

156
Q

List and describe the 3 shapes of a secretory unit

A
  1. Tubular
  2. Acinar - grape/spherical
  3. Tubuloacinar
157
Q

Indicate whether the following statement are true of false

  1. The pancreas is both and exocrine and endocrine gland
  2. Sweat glands are holocrine glands
  3. Eccrine and merocrine may be used interchangeably
  4. Holocrine glands are found in axillae, breat, pubic, and perineal regions
  5. Endocrine glands secrete hormones into intercellular space
A
  1. True
  2. False
  3. True
  4. False
  5. True
158
Q

List the 3 types of muscle and 2 other names for each

A
  1. Skeletal, voluntary, striated
  2. Visceral, involuntary, smooth
  3. Cardiac, heart, myocardium
159
Q

For each statement indicate which type of muscle it applies to

  1. Cross-striations are present
  2. Nuclei are numerous, flattened, and peripherally located
  3. Muscle fibers are spindle shaped
  4. Muscle fibers have branching cytoplasm
  5. Contraction is low force and rhythmic
  6. Nuclei are centrally located
  7. Intercalated discs are present at junctions
A
  1. Skeletal, cardiac
  2. Skeletal
  3. Visceral
  4. Cardiac
  5. Visceral
  6. Cardiac, visceral
  7. Cardiac
160
Q

List and give the locations of 3 contractile cells that function on their own

A

Myoepithelial - secretory glands
Pericytes - surround blood vessels
Myofibrils - scar formation, secrete collagen

161
Q

Connective tissue provides _______ and _______ support. It is composed of _______ _____ and _______ _____ _____ which produce the _______ _____. The extracellular matrix includes the _______ produced by the support cells and a gel-like material called _______ _______. This forms a medium for the transport of materials between _______ and the _______ _____.

A 
structural
metabolic
extracellular matrix
specialized support cells
extracellular matrix
fibers
ground substance
tissues
circulatory system
162
Q

What is ground substance made of?

a. proteoglycans
b. glycosaminoglycans
c. glycoproteins
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

163
Q

How does ground substance appear microscopically after routine staining?

a. purple
b. unstained
c. pink
d. blue

A

b. unstained

164
Q

What 2 broad categories are fibers classified into based on fiber type?

a. dense and loose
b. extracellular matrix and ground substance
c. collagenous and elastic
d. collagen and reticulin

A

c. collagenous and elastic

165
Q

What type of collagen fiber is predominant and makes up about 90% of all collagen found in tissues?

a. Type I
b. Type III
c. Reticulin
d. Elastic

A

a. Type I

166
Q

What was type III collagen formerly classified as?

a. collagen
b. elastic
c. reticulin
d. ground substance

A

c. reticulin

167
Q

What are the sheets formed by elastic fibers called?

a. tonofibrils
b. elastic laminae
c. fibril aggregates
d. extracellular matrix

A

b. elastic laminae

168
Q

Where are large amounts of elastic fiber found?

a. skin, bladder, liver
b. arteries, liver, bladder
c. liver, arteries, skin
d. bladder, skin, arteries

A

d. bladder, skin, arteries

169
Q

What is the function of adipose tissue?

a. padding or cushion
b. insulation against heat loss
c. energy reserve
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

170
Q

How do fat cells appear microscopically after routine processing and staining?

a. circle with pink center
b. jagged edge dark pink interior
c. signet-ring appearance
d. dark staining cytoplasm and nucleus

A

c. signet-ring appearance

171
Q

What does white matter consist of?

a. nerve fibers
b. neuron cell bodies
c. vast number of neuroglia
d. all of the above

A

a. nerve fibers

172
Q

In what part of the central nervous system are Purkinje cells found?

a. cerebral cortex
b. spinal cord
c. cerebellum
d. cerebral medulla

A

c. cerebellum

173
Q

How is the peripheral nervous system divided functionally?

a. cranial and spinal nerves
b. autonomic and somatic
c. white and grey matter
d. cortex and medulla

A

b. autonomic and somatic

174
Q

Neurons are ___ - _______ highly specialized cells that respond to _______. The cytoplasm is known as _______. Process of 2 types extend from the cell body; a single _____ and one or more _______. The axon arises from a cone-shaped portion of the cell body called the ____ _______. The axon terminates in small swellings called ______ ______. Axons are commonly referred to as _____ ______.

A 
non-dividing
stimuli
perikaryon
axon
dendrites
axon hillock
terminal boutons
nerve fibers
175
Q

List the 3 main types of neurons and briefly describe their structure

A
  1. multipolar - most common, many dendrites from one pole or several places
  2. bipolar - single dendrite from pole opposite to axon
  3. pseudo-unipolar - single dendrite and axon from common stem
176
Q

What does Nissl substance represent?

a. rough endoplasmic reticulum
b. Golgi apparatus
c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
d. chromatin

A

a. rough endoplasmic reticulum

177
Q

Where is Nissl substance found?

a. perikaryon
b. dendrites
c. axon
d. a and b
e. b and c
f. all of the above

A

d. a and b

178
Q

Indicate which neuroglial cell each statement is referring to

  1. Analogous to the Schwann cell of the PBS
  2. Long highly branched processes give it a star-shaped appearance
  3. Small phagocytic cells, part of macrophage-monocyte defense
  4. Simple cuboidal ciliated epithelial lining, unsupported by a basement membrane
  5. Responsible for myelination
  6. Most numerous glial cell in gray matter
A
  1. Oligodendrocyte
  2. Astrocyte
  3. Microglia
  4. Ependymal cells
  5. Oligodendrocyte
  6. Astrocyte

Histology 1 (17 decks)

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