Module 1 and 2 skeletal system

Question 1

It also known as cranial, towards the head and upper part of structure of the body above.

Answer 1

superior or cranial

Question 2

It is also known as caudal and it is away from the head towards the lower part of the body; below

Answer 2

caudal or inferior

Question 3

Towards the front of the body

Answer 3

Ventral or anterior

Question 4

Is towards the back of the body; behind

Answer 4

Dorsal or posterior

Question 5

It is toward the inner side of the body

Answer 5

Medial

Question 6

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of the body

Answer 6

Lateral

Question 7

It means closer to the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Answer 7

Proximal

Question 8

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

Answer 8

Distal

Question 9

towards the body surface

Answer 9

superficial or external

Question 10

Away from the body surface

Answer 10

deep or internal

Question 11

What are the two body cavities

Answer 11

ventral body cavity and dorsal body cavity

Question 12

what cavities does the ventral body cavity has ?

Answer 12

*thoracic
*Abdominal
*Pelvic

Question 13

What cavities does the dorsal cavity has ?

Answer 13

Cranial cavity
vertebral

Question 14

What are the two types of ossification ?

Answer 14

Endochondral
Intramembranous

Question 15

What is the difference between endochondral and intramembranous ossification ?

Answer 15

intramembranous is when ossification happens inside the membranes in bones such as the sternum and cranium and endochondral is when the ossification happens in the cartilage eg. long bones like the humerus, femur, radius and almost all bone below the skull.

Question 16

What four cells take part in the remodeling and formation of bones

Answer 16

Stem cells- it is an osteogenic cell found in the one marrow
Osteoblast- is the bone builder
Osteocyte- is a mature one cells that monitor and maintain the bone matrix mineralised
Osteoclast- responsible for bone reabsorption

Question 17

How does intramembranous ossification start?

Answer 17

1- Stem cells or mesenchyme cells cluster and differentiate into osteoblast forming an ossification center that produces the first trabeculae of spongy bone.

Question 18

What do osteoblast do in intramembranous ossification ?

Answer 18

2.Osteoblast start to secrete osteoid which calcifies in a few days. Osteoblast get trapped and become osteocytes.

Question 19

What gets formed after osteoid is calcifies ?

Answer 19

Accumulated osteoid is laid down between embryonic blood vessels creating a network of trabeculae called woven bone and becomes the periosteum.

Question 20

what happens when periosteum thickens ?

Answer 20

Mature lamellar bone replaces them forming compact bone plates.

Question 21

Is there spongy bone in intramembranous ?

Answer 21

Yes, it persist internally and its vascular tissue becomes red marrow.

Question 22

What happen in the endochondral ossification at the beginning ?

Answer 22

there is the hyaline of cartilage and a bone collar forma around the hyaline model.