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Anatomy and Physiology for Speech Language and Hearing > Module 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Module 1 and 2 Flashcards

Chapters 1, 11, and 12

1
Q

Coronal planes/sections

A

divides into front and back

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2
Q

sagittal plan

A

divides into left and right sides

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3
Q

transverse plane

A

divides into upper and lower halves

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4
Q

dorsal

A

toward the back

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5
Q

ventral

A

toward the belly

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6
Q

anterior

A

toward the nose
or toward the front

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7
Q

posterior

A

away from the nose
towards the back

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8
Q

inferior

A

closer to the feet

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9
Q

superior

A

closer to the head

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10
Q

caudal

A

toward the tail
inferior

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11
Q

rostral

A

toward the head
superior

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12
Q

medial

A

closer to the center of the relevant area

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13
Q

distal

A

farther from the center of the relevant area

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14
Q

nervous system

A

two-way process of sensory and motor

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15
Q

central nervous system

A

CNS
brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

PNS
12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves, sensory receptors

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17
Q

soma

A

cell body of neuron

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18
Q

dendrites

A

branching tree parts which pick up signals of neuron

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19
Q

axon

A

long part of neuron

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20
Q

axon hillock

A

junction of the axon and soma

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21
Q

myelin sheath

A

axon is often covered in this white fatty wrapping which speeds up neural conduction

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22
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

segments on axon between the mylein sheath, gaps in the myelin sheath

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23
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

found in the terminal end boutons
contain neurotransmitter substance that activates the dendrite of adjacent neurons

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24
Q

neurotransmitter

A

squirted into the synaptic cleft to be transferred to the next neuron

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25
Q

interneurons

A

communicate between other neurons

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26
Q

motor neurons

A

efferent neurons, information passes from the cortex to other regions, activate muscles or glands, typically long myelinated axons

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27
Q

sensory neurons

A

afferent neurons, information concerning body state passes to the brain or brain centers

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28
Q

spinal cord

A

information lifeline to and from the periphery of the body

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29
Q

white matter

A

in spinal cord this is the myelinated parts of neurons

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30
Q

gray matter

A

in spinal cord this the cell bodies

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31
Q

foramen magnum

A

where the spinal cord begins

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32
Q

conus medallaris

A

where the spinal cord ends at the level of the L1 vertebra

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33
Q

filum terminale

A

the inferior most attachment of the spinal cord

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34
Q

dermatomes

A

regions of spinal cord served by sensory nerves

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35
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

the cell body for the afferent nerve bringing sensory information from the periphery

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36
Q

dorsal root fibers

A

afferent, pass into the dorsal or posterior part of the spinal cord, carry sensory information to the spinal cord

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37
Q

ventral root fibers

A

efferent, arise from the anterior or ventral portion of the spinal cord, carry impulses that cause muscles to move

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38
Q

motor neurons

A

butterfly of tissue/gray matter, cell bodies of the spinal cord, reside in the spinal cord

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39
Q

sensory neurons

A

reside outside the spinal cord in the dorsal root ganglia

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40
Q

segmental spinal reflex

A

the simplest stimulus response system of the nervous system

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41
Q

anterior spinothalamic tract

A

tract of the spinal cord that transmits information concerning light touch, afferent pathway

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42
Q

decussation

A

where information from the right will pass to the left

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43
Q

corticospinal tract

A

information passes from the precentral gyrus to the spinal nerves, efferent
made up of long projection fibers

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44
Q

pyramidal decussation

A

passing from the left to right sides in the medulla oblongata

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45
Q

corticobullar tract

A

important for speech and language, travels with the corticospinal tract but ends in the brainstem, cranial nerves are activated through this tract, afferent

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46
Q

bulb

A

brainstem

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47
Q

brainstem

A

medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain

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48
Q

nuclei

A

groups of cell bodies that serve specific functions in the nerve

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49
Q

midbrain

A

superior most structure of brainstem, made up of cerebral peduncles, fibers that transmit information to the cerebrum, optic tracts are at the upper end of the midbrain

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50
Q

V trigeminal cranial nerve

A

mixed nerve (sensory and motor)
important for speech production
provides motor innervation to the muscles of mastication, transmits sensory information from the face
divided into 3 branches - ophthamlmic, maxiallary, mandibular

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51
Q

opthamalic nerve

A

sensory, general sensory info from skin of upper face, forehead, scalp, cornea, iris, upper eyelid

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52
Q

maxillary nerve

A

sensory, transmits info from lower eyelid, skin on sides of nose, upper jaw, teeth, lip, nasal cavities, sinuses, and nasopharynx

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53
Q

mandibular branch

A

sensory and motor, conducts info mandible, skin, lower teeth, gums, lip, skin and lining of cheek
sense of muscles of mastication

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54
Q

VII Facial cranial nerve

A

important for speech, innervates the facial muscles of expression and tear glands, sense of taste for a portion of the tongue, supplies all of the facial muscles

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55
Q

VIII Vestibulocochlear SSA cranial nerve

A

also known as auditory nerve
important for speech lang and audiology
afferent info hearing and balance
efferent assist in damping output of hair cells
information concerning body position in space and movement

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56
Q

IX glossopharyngeal cranial nerve

A

sensory and motor nerve
mediates sensation from tongue for taste
activation of the stylopharyngeus and superior pharyngeal constrictor muscles

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57
Q

X Vagus cranial nerve

A

many sensory and motor functions
recurrent laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal nerve
motor innervation of the larynx

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58
Q

recurrent laryngeal nerves

A

efferent innervation to the intrinsic muscles of the larynx and the inferior pharyngeal constrictor, all laryngeal adjustments ACCEPT pitch

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59
Q

superior laryngeal nerve

A

motor innervation to the cricothyroid muscle, major adjustment for pitch

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60
Q

XI Accessory cranial nerve

A

cranial and spinal components

61
Q

XII hypoglossal GSE cranial nerve

A

motor function of the tongue

62
Q

cerebral cortex

A

highest physical structure in the nervous system, highest functional unit as well

63
Q

cerebrum

A

two cerebral hemispheres or equal halves of the brain

64
Q

cortex

A

six cell layers that have functional significance

65
Q

sulcus

A

groove or infolding of cortex

66
Q

gyrus

A

outfolding or ridge of cortex

67
Q

fissure

A

a very deep groove

68
Q

cerebral longitudinal fissure

A

long groove separating the two hemispheres

69
Q

temporal lobe

A

important for speech lang, it is the site for input of auditory information

70
Q

lateral sulcus

A

sylvian fissure, separates the temporal lobe from the rest of the cerebrum

71
Q

temporal lobe gyri

A

superior
middle
inferior

72
Q

superior temporal gyrus

A

just above wernickes area also involved in language processing
performs acoustic to phoneme mapping

73
Q

middle temporal gyrus

A

just above wernickes area
important for language processing

74
Q

inferior temporal gyrus

A

AKA intraparietal sulcus
AKA VII

75
Q

heschl’s gyrus

A

the part of the superior temporal gyrus where auditory info arrives
belt regions around the core
BA 41

76
Q

wernicke’s area

A

vital to lang processing in the superior temporal gyrus
BA 22
language comprehension

77
Q

hippocampus

A

deep within the temporal lobe but actually part of limbic lobe
oldest part of brain
processing smell and important for memory

78
Q

central fissure
rolandic fissure
central sulcus

A

landmark fissure separating frontal and parietal lobe

79
Q

precentral gyrus

A

known as the motor strip, voluntary motor function is initiated along this strip, site activation of muscles, bottom of motor strip is area for speech muscle activation
B4
most involved in simple motor acts

80
Q

premotor region

A

prep of motor action occurs, site of prep for muscle activity
B6
execution of more complex motor sequences

81
Q

Broca’s area

A

bottom of the premotor region, site for the preparation for the speech act
damage to this area can cause apraxia or aphasia
B44 and 45
syntactic processing

82
Q

frontal lobe

A

cognitive processes and function, motor planning and execution, moderation of the limbic system for emotional regulation

83
Q

anterior frontal lobe

A

response inhibition, ability to not say or do something as it comes to mind, intellect and cognitive processing

84
Q

association area

A

prefrontal region anterior to area 6
association areas responsible for the highest level of mental processing
info from other lobes is brought here and integrated as part of the plan for the motor act

85
Q

parietal lobe

A

processing body sensation
3 regios - intraparietal sulcus, postcentral gyrus, inferior parietal lobule

86
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

areas 1, 2, and 3 receive input from body senses, important in speech
in parietal lobe
sensory info received in B3 and sent to B1, 2 and 5 for processing

87
Q

inferior parietal lobule

A

cortical association area
integrates info related to vision from occipital lobe, audition from temporal lobe, somatic sense from parietal lobe
2 - supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus

88
Q

angular gyrus

A

comprehension of written material

89
Q

supramarginal gyrus

A

phonological processing of speech

90
Q

occipital lobe

A

receives visual information, area 17 is point of visual input

91
Q

insular lobe/insula

A

a hidden lobe
beneath the region around brocas area
considered the gustatory cortex - where taste reaches consciousness
motor planning for speech articulation
site for cravings
intrinsic to sense of self

92
Q

corpus callosum

A

superhighway of the brain, how the left and right hemispheres communicate information they have received, floor of the cerebral longitudinal fissure

93
Q

commissural fibers

A

make up the corpus collosum
these fibers connect one location on a hemisphere with the corresponding location on the other hemisphere

94
Q

projection fibers

A

fibers that connect the cerebrum with distant structures

95
Q

corona radiata

A

group of projection fibers passing from and to the cortex, connects to many locations on the cortex

96
Q

short association fibers

A

connect neurons of one gyrus to the next, traversing the sulcus

97
Q

long association fibers

A

interconnect the lobes of the brain within the same hemisphere

98
Q

arcuate fasciculus

A

connects superior and middle frontal gyri with the temporal, parietal and occipital lobes
important association fibers for language

99
Q

meningeal linings/meninges

A

cover and protect the brain

100
Q

dura mater

A

tough lining, most superficial of the meningeal linings

101
Q

arachnoid mater

A

lacelike covering through which many blood vessels of the brain pass

102
Q

cerebrospinal fluid CSF

A

central nervous system is bathed in this, cushions the delicate neural tissue and helps in nutrient delivery and waste removal, CSF passes through a system of ventricles

102
Q

pia mater

A

innermost layer, thin membranous covering that closely follows the contour of the brain, major arteries and veins serving surface of brain course within this layer

103
Q

ventricular system of the brain

A

4 cavities - right and left lateral, third and fourth

104
Q

choroid plexus

A

inside each ventricle, generates the cerebrospinal fluid

105
Q

lateral ventricles

A

largest of the ventricles, corpus collosum is the roof of the these ventricles, inhabit each of the major lobes of the cerebrum

106
Q

3rd ventricle

A

unpaired, medial cavity between left and right thalami and hypothalami

107
Q

interventricular foramen of monro

A

communicates between the lateral ventricles and the 3rd ventricle

108
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle

109
Q

4th ventricle

A

shaped like a diamond, up from central canal of spinal cord and lower medulla

110
Q

apertures

A

ventricle openings that permit cerebral spinal fluid to flow into the space beneath the arachnoid called the subarachnoid space

111
Q

basal ganglia

A

group of cell bodies that are vital for the control of background movement and initiation of movement patterns
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus palidus
amygdala

112
Q

striated body/striatum

A

corono radiata passes through the caudate and putament, gives a striped or striated appearance

113
Q

thalamus

A

important group of nuclei
major structure of the diencephalon
final common relay for sensory information directed toward the cerebral cortex, all sensation EXCEPT smell pass through the thalamus

114
Q

hypothalamus

A

floor of the third ventricle, organizational structure for the limbic system, regulates reproductive behavior, desire of food and water, satiation, digestive, metabolic functions, maintenance of water and temp

115
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

pathway within each hemisphere for conduction of information from the limbic system to the lobes of the brain

116
Q

cerebellum

A

large structure located immediately inferior to the posterior cerebral cortex
coordinates motor commands and sensory inputs to control movement
communicates with brainstem, spinal cord, and cerebral cortex

117
Q

cerebellar cortex

A

outer surface of the cerebellum, dense array of neurons, underneath this is a mass of white communicating axons, center of white fibers are series of nuclei serving as relays between cerebellum and communicating regions of the body

118
Q

cerebellar cortex 3 parts

A

molecular - outer
purkinje - intermediate
granular - deep

119
Q

superior frontal gyrus

A

areas 6,8,9
premotor regions involved in motor planning and voluntary eye movement

120
Q

supplementary motor area

A

SMA
part 6 and 8
motor prep, active when person is planning to move or rehearsing movement, also important for not completing a movement - deciding if action is appropriate or not

121
Q

middle frontal cortex

A

important areas of frontal lobe
B9, 10, 46
involved in cognitive function
AKA dorsal prefrontal cortex (DLPC) or dorsolateral cortex (DLC)
implementing memory strategies, short term memory
responsible for self reflection the highest of our executive functions

122
Q

inferior frontal gyrus IFG

A

3 components - pars orbitale B47, pars opercularis B44, pars triangularis B45
44 and 45 in Broca’s area - motor planning for speech, responsible for expressive lang function in dominant hemisphere

123
Q

pars orbitalis B47

A

oribitalfrontal cortex - proximity to the eyes
caution to risky behavior

124
Q

orbitofrontal cortex

A

B10, 11, 47
overlaps with pars orbitale
AKA orbital and medial prefrontal cortex OMPFC
regulating emotion

125
Q

intraparietal sulcus

A

closely connected with ocipital lobe
dorsal stream delivers info about an objects position in visual space and the sulcus then matching the body position in space with the visual image
involved in symbolic number processing and interpreting the actions of others
polymodal integration area integrates vestibular, visual, tactile and auditory senses
VII

126
Q

dorsal stream

A

ocipital lobe divides into 2 streams
this is the where stream to deliver info about objects position in space

127
Q

ventral stream

A

ocipital lobe divides into 2 streams
this is the what stream
how we identify what we see

128
Q

parahippocampal formation

A

outer manifestion of hippocampus
critical for memory fuction

129
Q

fusiform gyrus

A

lateral to the parahippocampal gyrus
critical for face recognition

130
Q

calcarine sulcus

A

in occipital lobe
B17
receives info from the visual pathway
V1

131
Q

localizationists/materialists

A

people who believe that particular functions can be ascribed to specific locations (brodmann areas)

132
Q

equipotentialist/spiritualist

A

people who believe the brain operates as a whole unit and you can’t effectively isolate function from the whole

133
Q

connectome

A

the attempt to define the entire connectivity of the human brain

134
Q

regional equipotentiality

A

a compromise position that says regions operate in a systemic fashion
if damage is further from a region, it is less likely to affect that region

135
Q

primary level processing

A

primary motor MI B4 (precentral gyrus)
primary visual VI B17 (occipital lobe)
auditory cortex AI B41 (heschls gyrus)
primary somatosensory SI B3a3b

136
Q

higher order processing

A

where information is distilled
intraparietal sulcus
temporal gyrus
MII premotor, motor prep

137
Q

What are the 3 association areas?

A

temporal-occipital-parietal
prefontal
limbic
*where the highest form of human thought and integration occurs

138
Q

temporal-occipital-parietal association area

A

TOP
language function
combining visual and somatic info for linguistic meaning

139
Q

prefrontal association area

A

in frontal lobe
includes orbitofrontal region and can include brocas area
highest level of cognitive processes

140
Q

limbic association area

A

integrates information concerning emotion
generates motivation for activity
modifying mood
intelligence
decision making
social adjustment and drive
responsibility

141
Q

somatic sense

A

primary region is SI B3
information concerning muscles and joints B3a
information concerning touch of the skin B3b

142
Q

insular cortex

A

responsible for organizing the phonemes into order for producing words

143
Q

dorsal prefrontal cortex

A

executive funtion, goal setting, planning and reflection

144
Q

orbitofrontal region

A

motor planning associated with delayed execution, emotional regulation of the limbic system
avoid risky situations

145
Q

Speech motor act

A
146
Q

Cranial nerves
OOO to touch and feel very good vaginas such heaven

A

Olfactory - s
Optic - s
Oculi motor - m
Tochlear -
Trigengeminal - b
Abucens - m
Facial - b
Vestibolcohlear - s
Glossyopheeingal - b
Vagus -b
Accessory - m
Hypoglossal - m

147
Q

Some say marry money but my brother says big boobs matter more

A

Sensory
Sensory
Motor
Motor
Both
Motor
Both
Sensory
Both
Both
Motor
Motor

Anatomy and Physiology for Speech Language and Hearing (1 decks)

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