Module 1 and 2 Flashcards
Chapters 1, 11, and 12
Coronal planes/sections
divides into front and back
sagittal plan
divides into left and right sides
transverse plane
divides into upper and lower halves
dorsal
toward the back
ventral
toward the belly
anterior
toward the nose
or toward the front
posterior
away from the nose
towards the back
inferior
closer to the feet
superior
closer to the head
caudal
toward the tail
inferior
rostral
toward the head
superior
medial
closer to the center of the relevant area
distal
farther from the center of the relevant area
nervous system
two-way process of sensory and motor
central nervous system
CNS
brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
PNS
12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves, sensory receptors
soma
cell body of neuron
dendrites
branching tree parts which pick up signals of neuron
axon
long part of neuron
axon hillock
junction of the axon and soma
myelin sheath
axon is often covered in this white fatty wrapping which speeds up neural conduction
nodes of ranvier
segments on axon between the mylein sheath, gaps in the myelin sheath
synaptic vesicles
found in the terminal end boutons
contain neurotransmitter substance that activates the dendrite of adjacent neurons
neurotransmitter
squirted into the synaptic cleft to be transferred to the next neuron
interneurons
communicate between other neurons
motor neurons
efferent neurons, information passes from the cortex to other regions, activate muscles or glands, typically long myelinated axons
sensory neurons
afferent neurons, information concerning body state passes to the brain or brain centers
spinal cord
information lifeline to and from the periphery of the body
white matter
in spinal cord this is the myelinated parts of neurons
gray matter
in spinal cord this the cell bodies
foramen magnum
where the spinal cord begins
conus medallaris
where the spinal cord ends at the level of the L1 vertebra
filum terminale
the inferior most attachment of the spinal cord
dermatomes
regions of spinal cord served by sensory nerves
dorsal root ganglion
the cell body for the afferent nerve bringing sensory information from the periphery
dorsal root fibers
afferent, pass into the dorsal or posterior part of the spinal cord, carry sensory information to the spinal cord
ventral root fibers
efferent, arise from the anterior or ventral portion of the spinal cord, carry impulses that cause muscles to move
motor neurons
butterfly of tissue/gray matter, cell bodies of the spinal cord, reside in the spinal cord
sensory neurons
reside outside the spinal cord in the dorsal root ganglia
segmental spinal reflex
the simplest stimulus response system of the nervous system
anterior spinothalamic tract
tract of the spinal cord that transmits information concerning light touch, afferent pathway
decussation
where information from the right will pass to the left
corticospinal tract
information passes from the precentral gyrus to the spinal nerves, efferent
made up of long projection fibers
pyramidal decussation
passing from the left to right sides in the medulla oblongata
corticobullar tract
important for speech and language, travels with the corticospinal tract but ends in the brainstem, cranial nerves are activated through this tract, afferent
bulb
brainstem
brainstem
medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain
nuclei
groups of cell bodies that serve specific functions in the nerve
midbrain
superior most structure of brainstem, made up of cerebral peduncles, fibers that transmit information to the cerebrum, optic tracts are at the upper end of the midbrain
V trigeminal cranial nerve
mixed nerve (sensory and motor)
important for speech production
provides motor innervation to the muscles of mastication, transmits sensory information from the face
divided into 3 branches - ophthamlmic, maxiallary, mandibular
opthamalic nerve
sensory, general sensory info from skin of upper face, forehead, scalp, cornea, iris, upper eyelid
maxillary nerve
sensory, transmits info from lower eyelid, skin on sides of nose, upper jaw, teeth, lip, nasal cavities, sinuses, and nasopharynx
mandibular branch
sensory and motor, conducts info mandible, skin, lower teeth, gums, lip, skin and lining of cheek
sense of muscles of mastication
VII Facial cranial nerve
important for speech, innervates the facial muscles of expression and tear glands, sense of taste for a portion of the tongue, supplies all of the facial muscles
VIII Vestibulocochlear SSA cranial nerve
also known as auditory nerve
important for speech lang and audiology
afferent info hearing and balance
efferent assist in damping output of hair cells
information concerning body position in space and movement
IX glossopharyngeal cranial nerve
sensory and motor nerve
mediates sensation from tongue for taste
activation of the stylopharyngeus and superior pharyngeal constrictor muscles
X Vagus cranial nerve
many sensory and motor functions
recurrent laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal nerve
motor innervation of the larynx
recurrent laryngeal nerves
efferent innervation to the intrinsic muscles of the larynx and the inferior pharyngeal constrictor, all laryngeal adjustments ACCEPT pitch
superior laryngeal nerve
motor innervation to the cricothyroid muscle, major adjustment for pitch
XI Accessory cranial nerve
cranial and spinal components
XII hypoglossal GSE cranial nerve
motor function of the tongue
cerebral cortex
highest physical structure in the nervous system, highest functional unit as well
cerebrum
two cerebral hemispheres or equal halves of the brain
cortex
six cell layers that have functional significance
sulcus
groove or infolding of cortex
gyrus
outfolding or ridge of cortex
fissure
a very deep groove
cerebral longitudinal fissure
long groove separating the two hemispheres
temporal lobe
important for speech lang, it is the site for input of auditory information
lateral sulcus
sylvian fissure, separates the temporal lobe from the rest of the cerebrum
temporal lobe gyri
superior
middle
inferior
superior temporal gyrus
just above wernickes area also involved in language processing
performs acoustic to phoneme mapping
middle temporal gyrus
just above wernickes area
important for language processing
inferior temporal gyrus
AKA intraparietal sulcus
AKA VII
heschl’s gyrus
the part of the superior temporal gyrus where auditory info arrives
belt regions around the core
BA 41
wernicke’s area
vital to lang processing in the superior temporal gyrus
BA 22
language comprehension
hippocampus
deep within the temporal lobe but actually part of limbic lobe
oldest part of brain
processing smell and important for memory
central fissure
rolandic fissure
central sulcus
landmark fissure separating frontal and parietal lobe
precentral gyrus
known as the motor strip, voluntary motor function is initiated along this strip, site activation of muscles, bottom of motor strip is area for speech muscle activation
B4
most involved in simple motor acts
premotor region
prep of motor action occurs, site of prep for muscle activity
B6
execution of more complex motor sequences
Broca’s area
bottom of the premotor region, site for the preparation for the speech act
damage to this area can cause apraxia or aphasia
B44 and 45
syntactic processing
frontal lobe
cognitive processes and function, motor planning and execution, moderation of the limbic system for emotional regulation
anterior frontal lobe
response inhibition, ability to not say or do something as it comes to mind, intellect and cognitive processing
association area
prefrontal region anterior to area 6
association areas responsible for the highest level of mental processing
info from other lobes is brought here and integrated as part of the plan for the motor act
parietal lobe
processing body sensation
3 regios - intraparietal sulcus, postcentral gyrus, inferior parietal lobule
postcentral gyrus
areas 1, 2, and 3 receive input from body senses, important in speech
in parietal lobe
sensory info received in B3 and sent to B1, 2 and 5 for processing
inferior parietal lobule
cortical association area
integrates info related to vision from occipital lobe, audition from temporal lobe, somatic sense from parietal lobe
2 - supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus
angular gyrus
comprehension of written material
supramarginal gyrus
phonological processing of speech
occipital lobe
receives visual information, area 17 is point of visual input
insular lobe/insula
a hidden lobe
beneath the region around brocas area
considered the gustatory cortex - where taste reaches consciousness
motor planning for speech articulation
site for cravings
intrinsic to sense of self
corpus callosum
superhighway of the brain, how the left and right hemispheres communicate information they have received, floor of the cerebral longitudinal fissure
commissural fibers
make up the corpus collosum
these fibers connect one location on a hemisphere with the corresponding location on the other hemisphere
projection fibers
fibers that connect the cerebrum with distant structures
corona radiata
group of projection fibers passing from and to the cortex, connects to many locations on the cortex
short association fibers
connect neurons of one gyrus to the next, traversing the sulcus
long association fibers
interconnect the lobes of the brain within the same hemisphere
arcuate fasciculus
connects superior and middle frontal gyri with the temporal, parietal and occipital lobes
important association fibers for language
meningeal linings/meninges
cover and protect the brain
dura mater
tough lining, most superficial of the meningeal linings
arachnoid mater
lacelike covering through which many blood vessels of the brain pass
cerebrospinal fluid CSF
central nervous system is bathed in this, cushions the delicate neural tissue and helps in nutrient delivery and waste removal, CSF passes through a system of ventricles
pia mater
innermost layer, thin membranous covering that closely follows the contour of the brain, major arteries and veins serving surface of brain course within this layer
ventricular system of the brain
4 cavities - right and left lateral, third and fourth
choroid plexus
inside each ventricle, generates the cerebrospinal fluid
lateral ventricles
largest of the ventricles, corpus collosum is the roof of the these ventricles, inhabit each of the major lobes of the cerebrum
3rd ventricle
unpaired, medial cavity between left and right thalami and hypothalami
interventricular foramen of monro
communicates between the lateral ventricles and the 3rd ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle
4th ventricle
shaped like a diamond, up from central canal of spinal cord and lower medulla
apertures
ventricle openings that permit cerebral spinal fluid to flow into the space beneath the arachnoid called the subarachnoid space
basal ganglia
group of cell bodies that are vital for the control of background movement and initiation of movement patterns
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus palidus
amygdala
striated body/striatum
corono radiata passes through the caudate and putament, gives a striped or striated appearance
thalamus
important group of nuclei
major structure of the diencephalon
final common relay for sensory information directed toward the cerebral cortex, all sensation EXCEPT smell pass through the thalamus
hypothalamus
floor of the third ventricle, organizational structure for the limbic system, regulates reproductive behavior, desire of food and water, satiation, digestive, metabolic functions, maintenance of water and temp
cingulate gyrus
pathway within each hemisphere for conduction of information from the limbic system to the lobes of the brain
cerebellum
large structure located immediately inferior to the posterior cerebral cortex
coordinates motor commands and sensory inputs to control movement
communicates with brainstem, spinal cord, and cerebral cortex
cerebellar cortex
outer surface of the cerebellum, dense array of neurons, underneath this is a mass of white communicating axons, center of white fibers are series of nuclei serving as relays between cerebellum and communicating regions of the body
cerebellar cortex 3 parts
molecular - outer
purkinje - intermediate
granular - deep
superior frontal gyrus
areas 6,8,9
premotor regions involved in motor planning and voluntary eye movement
supplementary motor area
SMA
part 6 and 8
motor prep, active when person is planning to move or rehearsing movement, also important for not completing a movement - deciding if action is appropriate or not
middle frontal cortex
important areas of frontal lobe
B9, 10, 46
involved in cognitive function
AKA dorsal prefrontal cortex (DLPC) or dorsolateral cortex (DLC)
implementing memory strategies, short term memory
responsible for self reflection the highest of our executive functions
inferior frontal gyrus IFG
3 components - pars orbitale B47, pars opercularis B44, pars triangularis B45
44 and 45 in Broca’s area - motor planning for speech, responsible for expressive lang function in dominant hemisphere
pars orbitalis B47
oribitalfrontal cortex - proximity to the eyes
caution to risky behavior
orbitofrontal cortex
B10, 11, 47
overlaps with pars orbitale
AKA orbital and medial prefrontal cortex OMPFC
regulating emotion
intraparietal sulcus
closely connected with ocipital lobe
dorsal stream delivers info about an objects position in visual space and the sulcus then matching the body position in space with the visual image
involved in symbolic number processing and interpreting the actions of others
polymodal integration area integrates vestibular, visual, tactile and auditory senses
VII
dorsal stream
ocipital lobe divides into 2 streams
this is the where stream to deliver info about objects position in space
ventral stream
ocipital lobe divides into 2 streams
this is the what stream
how we identify what we see
parahippocampal formation
outer manifestion of hippocampus
critical for memory fuction
fusiform gyrus
lateral to the parahippocampal gyrus
critical for face recognition
calcarine sulcus
in occipital lobe
B17
receives info from the visual pathway
V1
localizationists/materialists
people who believe that particular functions can be ascribed to specific locations (brodmann areas)
equipotentialist/spiritualist
people who believe the brain operates as a whole unit and you can’t effectively isolate function from the whole
connectome
the attempt to define the entire connectivity of the human brain
regional equipotentiality
a compromise position that says regions operate in a systemic fashion
if damage is further from a region, it is less likely to affect that region
primary level processing
primary motor MI B4 (precentral gyrus)
primary visual VI B17 (occipital lobe)
auditory cortex AI B41 (heschls gyrus)
primary somatosensory SI B3a3b
higher order processing
where information is distilled
intraparietal sulcus
temporal gyrus
MII premotor, motor prep
What are the 3 association areas?
temporal-occipital-parietal
prefontal
limbic
*where the highest form of human thought and integration occurs
temporal-occipital-parietal association area
TOP
language function
combining visual and somatic info for linguistic meaning
prefrontal association area
in frontal lobe
includes orbitofrontal region and can include brocas area
highest level of cognitive processes
limbic association area
integrates information concerning emotion
generates motivation for activity
modifying mood
intelligence
decision making
social adjustment and drive
responsibility
somatic sense
primary region is SI B3
information concerning muscles and joints B3a
information concerning touch of the skin B3b
insular cortex
responsible for organizing the phonemes into order for producing words
dorsal prefrontal cortex
executive funtion, goal setting, planning and reflection
orbitofrontal region
motor planning associated with delayed execution, emotional regulation of the limbic system
avoid risky situations
Speech motor act
Cranial nerves
OOO to touch and feel very good vaginas such heaven
Olfactory - s
Optic - s
Oculi motor - m
Tochlear -
Trigengeminal - b
Abucens - m
Facial - b
Vestibolcohlear - s
Glossyopheeingal - b
Vagus -b
Accessory - m
Hypoglossal - m
Some say marry money but my brother says big boobs matter more
Sensory
Sensory
Motor
Motor
Both
Motor
Both
Sensory
Both
Both
Motor
Motor
