Module 1 and 2 Flashcards
nuovo receptario
1st official pharmacopoeia
William Proctor, Jr.
father of American pharmacy
helped to compose and produce the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) in 1820
capsules
small, oblong, gelatin containers
tablets
wide variety of shapes and sizes
may be chewable, effervescent, enteric-coated, troches, or lozenges
orally dissolving
buccal
sublingual
orally disintegrating
films
immediate release vs. controlled release
suspensions
medication is suspended in liquid
reconstituting powders to liquid
must be mixed by shaking before administration
liquid dosage forms
elixirs
fluid extractions and tinctures
spirits or essences
syrups
emulsions
topical dosage forms
ointments
creams
lotions
liniments
gels
collodions
transdermal patches
suppositories
vaginal tablets
otic and ophthalmic preparations
other dosage forms
aerosols
sprays
chewing gum
parenteral (must be sterile preparation, injection sites can be IV, IM, or SQ)
vials
plastic, often amber-colored cylinders used to dispense oral solids
ointment jar
plastic or glass containers used to dispense ointments and creams
bottles
plastic, often amber-colored bottles used to dispense oral liquids
child-resistant
must be simultaneously pushed down and twisted to open
easy open
easily opened to allow quick access to medication
medications not requiring child-resistant closures
isosorbide dinitrate sublingual and chewable (isordil)
oral contraceptives in unit-of-use packages
cholestyramine powder (questran)
potassium powders and tablets in packets (k-lyte)
methylprednisolone tablets in unit-of-use packages (medrol dosepak)
mebendazole tablets (vermox)
metered-dose inhalers Albuterol sulfate (proventil)
nitroglycerin SL tablets (nitrostat)
generic medication
official name derived from the chemical name, structure, or class of medication
ex: acetaminophen (Tylenol)
active ingredients are the same as brand name medications
lower cost
sometimes required by insurance
brand name medication
trademark name given by manufacturer
ex: tylenol
patents expire 20 years after medication was invented
patent period is used to recover research and development cost
once patent expires, generic versions can be sold
generics permitted
allows for patient to receive a generic medication if one is available
brand name only
dispense as written (DAW)
brand medically necessary or no substitution allowed
generic product evaluation
pharmaceutical equivalents, pharmaceutical alternatives, therapeutic equivalents, therapeutic alternatives, bioequivalents, and narrow therapeutic index
stock bottle label requirements
names, strength, legend statement, storage requirements, quantity, dosage form, manufacturer, controlled-substance mark, lot number, expiration date, national drug code (NDC)
NDC numbers
11-digit codes assigned by the manufacturer
identifies the manufacturer, product, and package size
easily confused products
look-alike and sound-alike (LASA) medications use tall man lettering to help prevent medication errors
public safety and reporting errors
medwatch is a voluntary reporting system for adverse effects and medication errors with pharmaceutical products
reports can be made by phone, online, mailing, email, or fax
medication recall
FDA drug class recall categories:
class 1: a dangerous or defective product that could cause serious health problems or death
class 2: a product that might cause a temporary health problem or pose a slight threat of a serious nature
class 3: a product that is unlikely to cause any adverse health reaction but that violates FDA labeling or manufacturing laws
Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP)
nonprofit
dedicated to preventing medication errors
publishes references
list of error prone abbreviations
look-alike drug names with recommended tall man letters
list of oral dosage forms that should not be crushed
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
U.S. department of labor
dedicated to ensuring safe and healthful working conditions
regulations include: safe working conditions, proper medication storage, workplace ergonomics, disposal of hazardous medications
medication errors
defined as any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm, while the medication is in the control of the health care professional, patient, or consumer
preventing medication errors is the responsibility of all healthcare workers
cause of medication errors
the prescription must be ordered correctly by the physician (some physicians may ask nurses to call in the order which adds extra steps to the process)
the prescription must be transcribed if taken over the phone and entered into the computer correctly under the correct patient
the prescription is filled by selecting the correct medication name, strength dose, dosage form, route of administration, and quantity
the prescription is checked to make sure the right medication name, strength, dose, dosage form, route of administration, quantity, and frequency are dispensed to the right patient at the right time with the right instructions
the patient picks up the prescription or a health care provider administers the medication to the patient depending on the setting
NCC MERP error categories
category a: no error has occurred, but there is a problem in the system that has the potential to cause future errors
category b: no harm was done because the error did not reach the patient (known as a near miss
category c: no harm was done, but the error did reach the patient
category d: no harm was done, but the patient requires monitoring
category e: harm was temporary
category f: harm was temporary and required hospitalization
category g: harm was permanent
category h: harm was done and intervention was required to sustain life
category I: resulted in death (sentinel event)
dispensing precautions during pregnancy
the FDA instituted the pregnancy and lactation labeling rule (PLLR)
labeling section requirements: pregnancy, lactation, and female and male of reproductive potential
pain medications considered safe to use during pregnancy
acetaminophen (Tylenol)
narcotics (short-term use)
acne medications considered safe to use during pregnancy
clindamycin
salicylic acid
heartburn medications considered safe to use during pregnancy
calcium carbonate (TUMS)
aluminum hydroxide
magnesium hydroxide (MOM)
ranitidine (zantac)
constipation medications considered safe to use during pregnancy
docusate sodium (colace)
polyethylene glycol 3350 (miralax)
bisacodyl (dulcolax)
allergy medications considered safe to use during pregnancy
cetirizine (Zyrtec)
loratadine (Claritin)
heartburn medications to avoid during pregnancy
cimetidine (tagamet)
Omeprazole (Prilosec)
sodium bicarbonate
constipation medications to avoid during pregnancy
magnesium citrate
mineral oil
castor oil
cascara
pain medications to avoid during pregnancy
NSAIDS (aspirin and ibuprofen)
5-HTP agonists (zolmitriptan)
acne medications to avoid during pregnancy
tretinoin (retin-a)
isotretinoin (accutane)
tetracycline
minocycline
allergy medications to avoid during pregnancy
fexofenadine (Allegra)
