Module 1 and 2

Question 1

nuovo receptario

Answer 1

1st official pharmacopoeia

Question 2

William Proctor, Jr.

Answer 2

father of American pharmacy
helped to compose and produce the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) in 1820

Question 3

capsules

Answer 3

small, oblong, gelatin containers

Question 4

tablets

Answer 4

wide variety of shapes and sizes
may be chewable, effervescent, enteric-coated, troches, or lozenges

Question 5

orally dissolving

Answer 5

buccal
sublingual
orally disintegrating
films
immediate release vs. controlled release

Question 6

suspensions

Answer 6

medication is suspended in liquid
reconstituting powders to liquid
must be mixed by shaking before administration

Question 7

liquid dosage forms

Answer 7

elixirs
fluid extractions and tinctures
spirits or essences
syrups
emulsions

Question 8

topical dosage forms

Answer 8

ointments
creams
lotions
liniments
gels
collodions
transdermal patches
suppositories
vaginal tablets
otic and ophthalmic preparations

Question 9

other dosage forms

Answer 9

aerosols
sprays
chewing gum
parenteral (must be sterile preparation, injection sites can be IV, IM, or SQ)

Question 10

vials

Answer 10

plastic, often amber-colored cylinders used to dispense oral solids

Question 11

ointment jar

Answer 11

plastic or glass containers used to dispense ointments and creams

Question 12

bottles

Answer 12

plastic, often amber-colored bottles used to dispense oral liquids

Question 13

child-resistant

Answer 13

must be simultaneously pushed down and twisted to open

Question 14

easy open

Answer 14

easily opened to allow quick access to medication

Question 15

medications not requiring child-resistant closures

Answer 15

isosorbide dinitrate sublingual and chewable (isordil)
oral contraceptives in unit-of-use packages
cholestyramine powder (questran)
potassium powders and tablets in packets (k-lyte)
methylprednisolone tablets in unit-of-use packages (medrol dosepak)
mebendazole tablets (vermox)
metered-dose inhalers Albuterol sulfate (proventil)
nitroglycerin SL tablets (nitrostat)

Question 16

generic medication

Answer 16

official name derived from the chemical name, structure, or class of medication
ex: acetaminophen (Tylenol)
active ingredients are the same as brand name medications
lower cost
sometimes required by insurance

Question 17

brand name medication

Answer 17

trademark name given by manufacturer
ex: tylenol
patents expire 20 years after medication was invented
patent period is used to recover research and development cost
once patent expires, generic versions can be sold

Question 18

generics permitted

Answer 18

allows for patient to receive a generic medication if one is available

Question 19

brand name only

Answer 19

dispense as written (DAW)
brand medically necessary or no substitution allowed

Question 20

generic product evaluation

Answer 20

pharmaceutical equivalents, pharmaceutical alternatives, therapeutic equivalents, therapeutic alternatives, bioequivalents, and narrow therapeutic index

Question 21

stock bottle label requirements

Answer 21

names, strength, legend statement, storage requirements, quantity, dosage form, manufacturer, controlled-substance mark, lot number, expiration date, national drug code (NDC)

Question 22

NDC numbers

Answer 22

11-digit codes assigned by the manufacturer
identifies the manufacturer, product, and package size

Question 23

easily confused products

Answer 23

look-alike and sound-alike (LASA) medications use tall man lettering to help prevent medication errors

Question 24

public safety and reporting errors

Answer 24

medwatch is a voluntary reporting system for adverse effects and medication errors with pharmaceutical products
reports can be made by phone, online, mailing, email, or fax

Question 25

medication recall

Answer 25

FDA drug class recall categories:
class 1: a dangerous or defective product that could cause serious health problems or death
class 2: a product that might cause a temporary health problem or pose a slight threat of a serious nature
class 3: a product that is unlikely to cause any adverse health reaction but that violates FDA labeling or manufacturing laws

Question 26

Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP)

Answer 26

nonprofit
dedicated to preventing medication errors
publishes references
list of error prone abbreviations
look-alike drug names with recommended tall man letters
list of oral dosage forms that should not be crushed

Question 27

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

Answer 27

U.S. department of labor
dedicated to ensuring safe and healthful working conditions
regulations include: safe working conditions, proper medication storage, workplace ergonomics, disposal of hazardous medications

Question 28

medication errors

Answer 28

defined as any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm, while the medication is in the control of the health care professional, patient, or consumer
preventing medication errors is the responsibility of all healthcare workers

Question 29

cause of medication errors

Answer 29

the prescription must be ordered correctly by the physician (some physicians may ask nurses to call in the order which adds extra steps to the process)
the prescription must be transcribed if taken over the phone and entered into the computer correctly under the correct patient
the prescription is filled by selecting the correct medication name, strength dose, dosage form, route of administration, and quantity
the prescription is checked to make sure the right medication name, strength, dose, dosage form, route of administration, quantity, and frequency are dispensed to the right patient at the right time with the right instructions
the patient picks up the prescription or a health care provider administers the medication to the patient depending on the setting

Question 30

NCC MERP error categories

Answer 30

category a: no error has occurred, but there is a problem in the system that has the potential to cause future errors
category b: no harm was done because the error did not reach the patient (known as a near miss
category c: no harm was done, but the error did reach the patient
category d: no harm was done, but the patient requires monitoring
category e: harm was temporary
category f: harm was temporary and required hospitalization
category g: harm was permanent
category h: harm was done and intervention was required to sustain life
category I: resulted in death (sentinel event)

Question 31

dispensing precautions during pregnancy

Answer 31

the FDA instituted the pregnancy and lactation labeling rule (PLLR)
labeling section requirements: pregnancy, lactation, and female and male of reproductive potential

Question 32

pain medications considered safe to use during pregnancy

Answer 32

acetaminophen (Tylenol)
narcotics (short-term use)

Question 33

acne medications considered safe to use during pregnancy

Answer 33

clindamycin
salicylic acid

Question 34

heartburn medications considered safe to use during pregnancy

Answer 34

calcium carbonate (TUMS)
aluminum hydroxide
magnesium hydroxide (MOM)
ranitidine (zantac)

Question 35

constipation medications considered safe to use during pregnancy

Answer 35

docusate sodium (colace)
polyethylene glycol 3350 (miralax)
bisacodyl (dulcolax)

Question 36

allergy medications considered safe to use during pregnancy

Answer 36

cetirizine (Zyrtec)
loratadine (Claritin)

Question 37

heartburn medications to avoid during pregnancy

Answer 37

cimetidine (tagamet)
Omeprazole (Prilosec)
sodium bicarbonate

Question 38

constipation medications to avoid during pregnancy

Answer 38

magnesium citrate
mineral oil
castor oil
cascara

Question 39

pain medications to avoid during pregnancy

Answer 39

NSAIDS (aspirin and ibuprofen)
5-HTP agonists (zolmitriptan)

Question 40

acne medications to avoid during pregnancy

Answer 40

tretinoin (retin-a)
isotretinoin (accutane)
tetracycline
minocycline

Question 41

allergy medications to avoid during pregnancy

Answer 41

fexofenadine (Allegra)