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Dcs > MODULE 1 and 2 > Flashcards

MODULE 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Steps to program PLC/RTU

A
  1. Control Strategy/Narrative
  2. Tags, I/O
  3. Controller type
  4. Program
  5. Test and Download
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2
Q

number of physical SCADAPACK 32 AI

A

8 30001-30008 Input

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3
Q

number of physical SCADAPACK 32 DI

A

16 10001-10015 Status

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4
Q

number of physical SCADAPACK 32 DO

A

12 1-12 Coil

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5
Q

What are the Coil registers in a SCADAPack 32 and type of I/O

A

00001-04096
DO

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6
Q

What are the Status registers in a SCADAPack 32 and type of I/O

A

10001-14096
DI

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7
Q

What are the Input registers in a SCADAPack 32 and type of I/O

A

30001-39999
AI

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8
Q

What are the Holding registers in a SCADAPack 32 and type of I/O

A

40001-49999
AO

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9
Q

Which type of I/O are readable only and which types are read//write

A

Read Only - AI/DI
Read/Write - AO/DO

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10
Q

For timers what are:
The preset value
The accumulated value
The time base

A

The preset value
(Which is the constant number of seconds the timer times to, before being
energized or de-energized)

The accumulated value
(Which is the number of seconds which records how long the timer has been
actively timing)

The time base
(Which indicated the accuracy in seconds to which the timer operates e.g. 1
second, 0.1 seconds and even 0.01 seconds)

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11
Q

What is a retentive timer?

A

Accumulator holds value even if input goes to low

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12
Q

3 Types of timers

A

ON delay
Off Delay
Retentive

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13
Q

3 Types of Counters

A

CTU - Count up
CTD - count down
CTUD - count up down

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14
Q

5 Parts of a SCADA system

A
  1. Feild devices
  2. RTU
  3. Communications
  4. MTU
  5. User Interface
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15
Q

Describe the function of SCADA

A
  1. Display
  2. Trend (history)
  3. Alarms
    4.Reporting
    5.Animation
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16
Q

Describe the function of SCADA

A
  1. Display
  2. Trend (history)
  3. Alarms
  4. Reporting
  5. Animation
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17
Q

5 Parts of a SCADA system

A
  • Field-level instruments
  • Marshalling terminals and RTUs
  • Communications
  • Master Station
  • Commercial data processing system
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18
Q

Describe the function of SCADA

A

•Alarm management and areas of responsibility
• Trending and plotting
• Reporting
• Event recording (Audit Trails)
• Display Building

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19
Q

difference between RS232 RS485

A

RS232 is only point to point
RS485 is point to multipoint

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20
Q

Max Distance for 4-20mA

A

1.2km

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21
Q

Max Distance for 1-5V

A

15m

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22
Q

Max Distance for RS232

A

15m

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23
Q

Max Distance for Rs485

A

1.2km

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24
Q

Ethernet

A

100m

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25
Q

What is the function of WDT

A

Watch dog timer

Ensure the CPU of the system has not frozen

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26
Q

What is a sink or source in terms of a modules

A

Sink - Draws from a source

Source - Outputs

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27
Q

What are the horizontal and vertical lines of ladder logic called

A

Horizontal - Rung

Vertical - Rail

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28
Q

Define SCADA

A

A system containing a number of RTUs that collect
field data and which are connected to the Master
station, using a communications system

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29
Q

Define DCS

A

The data acquisition and control functions performed
by a number of microprocessor-based units,
distributed by the devices being controlled

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30
Q

Define PLC

A

A programmable logic controller that uses ladderlogic software and solid state electronic modules for
both input and output
Additionally:
• Most PLCs now also offer function block programming

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31
Q

Define PLC

A

A programmable logic controller that uses ladder logic software and solid state electronic modules for
both input and output
Additionally:
• Most PLCs now also offer function block programming

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32
Q

What does OPC stand for

A

OLE for Process Control

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33
Q

What does OLE stand for

A

Object Linking and Embedding

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34
Q

What is an Isolated card and what are the types

A

Input kept separate from the card

Optical, Relay and Transformer

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35
Q

What is CSMA

A

Carrier select multiple access

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36
Q

What is CSMACD

A

Carrier select multiple access, Collision detection

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37
Q

AI_1 unity pro address

A

%IWO.4.0 - %IWO.4.5

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38
Q

DO_1 unity pro address

A

%QO.3.0 - %QO.3.14

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39
Q

HMI Parta

A
  1. Display
    2.Enter value
    3.alarm
    4.trend
  2. animation
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40
Q

Modbus may have ___ salve adress

A

247

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41
Q

ISO/OSI means

A

international standards society/ open systems interconnect

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42
Q

field bus protocol includes

A

digital signals using digital transmitter

if FF comms fail loop fails

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43
Q

token passing protcol with a large number data transfer is:

A

relatively slow

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44
Q

advantage of fiber optiocs

A

noise immunity

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45
Q

the shield on belden cable must be grounded at

A

the receiver

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46
Q

most common form of digital communication

A

serial

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47
Q

most common form of digital communication

A

serial

48
Q

modbus uses what method for media access

A

polling

49
Q

ACSII means

A

american standard code for information interchange

50
Q

demodulation is what?

A

separation of data from a carrier signal

51
Q

a byte is?

A

8 bits of data

52
Q

8 bit extended ascii consists of

A

256 distinct characters

53
Q

4 areas of improvement in SCADA

A

Rapid improvement in LAN technology for master stations
Man machine interface
Remote terminal units
Communications

54
Q

The twelve golden rules

A

-KISS, keep it simple stupid
-Response time within correct levels
-Redundancy
-use open systems
-scale-able
-asses from view of max traffic
-clearly defined
-thorough tsting
-confrim operation of components in actual envrioments
-well documented
-good training
-simple operator screen

55
Q

how to connect shield?

A

connect only 1 end

56
Q

What is Function code 01

A

read discrete output

57
Q

What is Function code 05

A

write single discrete output

58
Q

What is Function code 15

A

write multiple discrete outputs

59
Q

What is Function code 02

A

read discrete input

60
Q

What is Function code 04

A

read input register

61
Q

What is Function code 03

A

read analog output

62
Q

What is Function code 06

A

write single analog output

63
Q

What is Function code 16

A

write multiple analog output

64
Q

What 5 components make up an analog in

A

Input multiplexer
Input signal amplifier
Sample and hold circuit
A/D converter
Bus interface and board timing system

65
Q

Analog output module typical has

A

8 analog outputs
Resolution of 8 or 12 bits
Conversion rates of 10 microseconds to 30 milliseconds
Outputs range from 4.20 mA +- 10 volts

66
Q

typical analog input has

A

8 or 16 analog inputs
Resolution of 8 or 12 bits
Range of 4-20mA
Input resistance of 240 Kohms to 1 Mohm
Conversion rates of 10 microseconds to 30 milliseconds
Inputs are generally single ended

67
Q

what is a dry contact card

A

card has power supplied from the terminal strip on the card.

68
Q

what is an isolated card

A

card has power supplied from an external power supply

69
Q

Describe the operating and safety conditions for power sources

A

-Operating Temp: -40 to + 75 C.
-Use rechargable lithium battery to provide more reliable clock backup.
-Some RTUs have multiple auxiliary voltage outputs to provide power to communication modems and sensors, some of these outputs are adjustable via RTU application.
-Heat convention cooling help maitaining the internal tempreture in the power supply and hence boost its operating reliability.
-Controlled powerline to DO modules enables centralized inhibiting of all relay outputs in the selected DO modules.
-Short current limit on the outputs help protecting the power supply and backup battery in case malfunction of the connected devices.
-Status LED’s in the front panel helps simple and visyual indication of the power supply out put connections and detecting some types of malfunctions.
-Automatically switches the power suppply operation to the backup battery when the main power source fails
-Upon main power’s availability(reconnection) the power supply provides automatic switchjover to main power and start recharging the backup battery.
-Optimized temprature compensated charging provides over charging protection and over disharge and overheating protection of the backup battery.

70
Q

Summarize the causes of leaks in a pipeline

A

-Pipeline corrosion and wear
-Operation outside of design limits
-Unintentional third party damage
-Intentional damage

71
Q

Failure to detect leaks can be broken into 4 loss categories

A

Loss of life and property
Loss of product and downtime to fix pipeline
Environmental impact
Fines and legal suits

72
Q

Describe the main methods used in detection of gas and/or oil leaks in a pipeline

A

Physical inspection of the area
Add an odorant
Line flow calculations
Line pressure measurement
Noise detection

73
Q

what is pipeline leak Physical inspection of the area

A

Involves walking the pipelines and looking for evidence of a leak by looking at the vegetation in the area etc.

74
Q

what is pipeline leak Add an odorant

A

Involves walking the pipelines and looking for evidence of a leak by looking at the vegetation in the area etc.

75
Q

what is pipeline leak Line flow calculations

A

Check if the amount received is the amount expected and if there is a difference this could indicate a leak
Does not allow for expedient detection of leaks

76
Q

what is pipeline leak Line pressure measurement

A

Detect pressure drops at various points in the line
Allows for quicker detection

77
Q

what is pipeline leak Noise detection

A

There is an increase in noise of the pipeline when there is a leak

78
Q

Describe the main methods used in detection of gas and/or oil leaks in a pipeline

A

Pigging
Computer based

79
Q

Computer based pipeline leak detectin

A

Uses pipeline modelling to assist in the detection
Allows for data gathering and analysis
Pig tracking
Back tracking of fluid
Accounting
Flow compensation
Rapid detection of leaks and quicker response

80
Q

Pigging

A

Pigs can carry surveillance and monitoring equipment to assist in the detection of leaks
This will be covered more in the next objective.

81
Q

Describe the purpose of ‘Pigging’ a pipeline.

A

Utility pigs – clean the pipeline of debris or seal the pipeline
Cleaning – remove solids or semi-solid deposits
Inspecting
Monitoring
Batch separation

82
Q

Pipelines with butterfly valves cannot be pigged because

A

because the valve size is smaller than the pipe size because it creates an obstruction.

83
Q

Types of pigs

A

Steel
Urethane
Urethane and neoprene
Spheres (foam, solid, inflatable)
Gel

84
Q

AGA No. 3 and AGA No. 7

A

are methods of calculation gas flow.

85
Q

AGA reports are used to describe

A

how to measure the flow of natural gas.

86
Q

AGA 8 was published in

A

1985 and revised in 1992

87
Q

AGA Report No. 7

A

Measurement of gas by axial-flow turbine meters

88
Q

Characteristics which affect the performance of a turbine meter

A

Swirl - Velocity profile
Fluid drag - Non-fluid drag
Accuracy - Linearity
Pressure loss - Min/Max flow rate
Pulsation

89
Q

AGA Report No. 3

A

Orifice Metering of Natural Gas and other hydrocarbon fluids
1985 version
Developed for pipe-tap orifice meters
1992 version
Developed only for flange-tap orifice meters
Calls for use of AGA No. 8 to calculate supercompressibility

90
Q

AGA Report No. 8 – 1985 Version

A

Allows for variations in gas compositions
Gas analysis should fall into a range of values provided in the report.
Allows for an alternate method which uses a partial gas composition.

91
Q

AGA Report No. 8 – 1992 Version

A

Allows for wide variations in gas compositions
Gas analysis should fall into a normal range of values or an expanded range of values.

92
Q

RTUs should be able to handle multiple communication media

A

RS-232/RS-442/RS-485
Dial-up
Microwave
Satellite
Radio

93
Q

There are to typical network configurations for wireless telemetry radio-based systems

A

Point-to-point
Point-to-multi-point

94
Q

Point-to-point is the

A

simplest set-up, one stations is setup as the master and the other is the slave to allow for data to be exchanged between two station

95
Q

Point-to-multipoint is configured with

A

one device designated as the master until to several slave units

96
Q

Polled system

A

Master is in total control and makes regular polls of the data (sends and receives data) to each slave in sequence
Slave responds to the master only when a request is received
Also known as half-duplex

97
Q

Advantages of hal;f duplex

A

Data gathering is simple
No collisions can occur on the network
Link failure is easily detected

98
Q

Disadvantages of half duplex

A

Interrupt type request from a slave requesting immediate action cannot be handled
Waiting time increases with the number of slaves
All communication between slaves have to pass through the master with added complexity

99
Q

Interrupt system (Report by Exception)

A

Slave monitors its inputs and when a significant change is detected or a limit is exceeded the slave initiates communication to the master and transfers data

100
Q

Advantages Interrupt system (Report by Exception)

A

System reduces unnecessary transfer of data as in polled systems
Quick detection of urgent status information
Allows slave-to-slave communication

101
Q

Disadvantages Interrupt system (Report by Exception)

A

Master may only detect a link failure after a period of time and only when system is polled
Operator action is needed to have the latest values
Collision of data may occur and may cause delay in the communication

102
Q

Store and Forward

A

Store and Forward is a technique that simply adds an intermediate device between the source and destination communication device so that it keeps information (store) until such time that it can be sent on to the final destination, to another intermediate device (forwarding).
Used to accommodate changes in physical link or data link connectivity or if there is intermittent connectivity

103
Q

Mailbox Method

A

Message frames are simply stored in the intermediate device in a queue until such time as the destination device becomes available

104
Q

Intermediate Memory Method

A

Intermediate device decodes the information out of the message frame and stores it in application memory for future retransmission.
Allows the information to be retransmitted using a different data link in addition to a different physical link.
Allows for data consolidation, increasing the overall efficiency of communication

105
Q

Query and Response

A

The entity asking the questions (query) is the MTU and the entity providing the answers(response) is the RTU

106
Q

Media Access Control

A

Generic term for a technique within a communication protocol that permits or denies access to the physical communication medium
Prevents more than one entity from trying to communicate over the same media simultaneously

107
Q

Master and Slave

A

Simple communication protocol technique by which the query and response cycle as well as media access control are implemented together
There can only be a single master device, but there can be multiple slave devices
Only the master device can initiate a query
The slave devices can only respond to a query directed to it by the master

108
Q

Describe Satellite communication methods

A

Satellite – fixed services (point-to-point) provide microwave radio technology, consists of two main components, the ground segment which is a fixed or mobile transmission, reception, and ancillary equipment and the space segment which is the actual satellite

109
Q

Describe Microwave communication methods

A

Microwave – transmitting data over radio waves whose wavelengths are measured in small numbers of centimetre

110
Q

Describe Microwave communication methods

A

Wider bandwidth
Faster data speeds
Multiple links allow for redundant paths
Usually has Txfer/Rxfer redundancy
Higher Cost

111
Q

Describe radio serial communication methods

A

Radio – common means of communicating with remotes using either UHF/VHF or spread spectrum

112
Q

Advantages Radio

A

Low power consumption
Installed inside the RTU/PLC cabinet
Low operating costs

113
Q

Disadvantages Radio

A

High development costs
Costly if over a wide area and no existing system is present
Slow data speeds

114
Q

Ultra high Frequency (UHF)/Very High Frequency (VHF)

A

most common and is very reliable and licensing is not required

115
Q

Spread Spectrum

A

a signal is generated with a particular bandwidth and spread in the frequency domain which gives a signal with a wider bandwidthinterference immunity and there is no licensing

116
Q

Leased Line and Fiber Optic

A

One of the more common communications methods
Dedicated leased lines, or dial-up lines through the Public Service Telephone Network
Available bandwidth is very much dependent on the communications companies
Provide reliable communications at up to 38.6 kbps
Implementation cost for leased lines is minimal, however there are monthly leasing costs
Leased lines are highly reliable but are subject to occasional line break, they can often be subject to interference from various environmental conditions such as ice and flooding etc.

Dcs (1 decks)

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