Module 1 - Anatomy Flashcards
L1.1 - Identify the main components of the central and peripheral nervous system
CNS: brain + spinal cord
PNS: cranial nerves + spinal nerves
The PNS is also divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous system. The somatic one process voluntary movements where the autonomic is important for the homeostatic/hormone driven changes.
L1.1 - Divide the central nervous system into its main subdivisions
L1.1 - Define anatomical directions and planes
- Coronal=frontal, axial = horizontal, saggital
- Dorsal/ventral can become superior/inferior at the part above the midbrain rostral/caudal is anterior posterior
- Medial/lateral
L1.1 - Describe the surface of the brain
Gyrencaphalic (guri and sulci), packed to have more stuff inside, split into 4 lobes + brain stem + a cerebellum
L1.1 - Describe the ventricular system
Lateral ventricle: left and right is 1+2 –> one part in each lobe –>
anterior horn = frontal, body = parietal, posterior horn = occipital, inferior horn = temporal
Lateral –> foramen of Monroe (interventricular foramen) –> Third ventricle by the diencephalon –> cerebral aqueduct –> 4th by the pons + cerebellum –> central canal in the spinal cord
Can drain through the foramen of Luschka or Mangendie to the subarachnoid space.
L1.2 - Describe the overall anatomy and subdivions of the diencephalon
Thalamus is posterior to the hypothalamus. More posterior still is the epi thalamus, which consists of the pineal gland and the habenula.
The diencephalon is placed deep in the prosencephalon and is just superior to the midbrain. The diencephalon is formed laterally around the 3rd ventricle.
L1.2 - Describe the anatomy of the thalamus
The thalamus has 3 divisions: the anterior, lateral and medial devisions. The medial and anterior is part of the libic system – the lateral is part of the sensory system. The metathalamus hold the LGN and MGN
VA +VL is motor, VPL + VPM is motor (all nuclei here is part of the lateral thalamus
L1.2 - Describe the internal capsule
Tracts that run from the cortex (corona radiata) into the pyramid – holds sensory and motor functions. Separates the striatum. Has a genu (knee) and an anterior and posterior part, which can be seen in horizontal sections)
L1.2 - Describe the anatomy of the hypothalamus
Is place anterior/inferior to the thalamus and superior to the pituritaty and mammillary bodies. Is divided into the Supraoptic, tubereal or the mammillary areas. Known the paraventricular nucleus (endocrine), the supraoptic nucleus (endorcrine) and supercharismatic nucleus (cardian rhythm)
L1.2 - Describe the anatomy of the epithalamus
Habenulla and pineal gland – placed on top of midbrain and posterior to thalamus
L1.2 - Describe the overall anatomy and subdivions of the telencephalon
4 lobes, longitudiunal fissue making up 2 hemispheres, central sulcus for frontal/parietal, sylvian fissue for temporal/frontal, parito-occipital for parietal/occipital
L1.2 - Describe the overall anatomy of the cerebral cortex - the goal is not that you should be able to name and identify all the gyri mentioned in the text book
A gyrencephalic brain that weighs ~1.4 kg – cortex is gray matter covering white matter, which connects the brain with itself and the PNS – deeper structures are the diencephalon and the basal ganglia
4 lobes, longitudinal fissure making up 2 hemispheres, central sulcus for frontal/parietal, sylvian fissure for temporal/frontal, parito-occipital for parietal/occipital
L1.2 - Describe the basal ganglia
Caudate (c-shape) + putamen = striatum
putamen + globus pallidus = lentiform nucleus
It’s a circuit for movement – deeper brain structures
L1.2 - Describe the anatomy of limbic forebrain structures
Cingulate gyrus, amygdala is anterior to hippo (can be seen in a coronal section with the optic chiasm), which extends backwards into the fornix, parahippocampal is part of temporal lobe (inferior-ish to hippo), thalamus and hypothalamus also involved, basal forbrain: nucleus accubmens (places in the ventral striatum –> at the bottom of the putamen/caudate), basal nucleus (superior to optic chiasm) and the septal nuclei (in the septum pellucidum)
L1.3 - Subdivide the brain stem into mesencephalon, pons and medulla oblongata
Medulla -> pons -> midbrain (from bottom up)
You can separate them visually based on the pons protrusion
L1.3 - Name and describe the origin and main function of each cranial nerve - the goal is not that you should be able to remember and identify all the cranial nerve nuclei mentioned in the text book.
L1.3 - Describe the gross anatomy of the spinal cord
Cervical (8), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5) and Sacral (5) segments -> 31 spinal nerves
The gray matter will become larger the further down we go (more white matter will be gone, as we’re further from the brain)
L1.3 - Describe the general organization of gray and white matter in the spinal cord
The gray matter is localized in horns in the middle, with white matter surrounding it
Sacral has the most gray matter and it’s devided into Rexed Lamina (10 devisions)
All dorsal is sensory, all ventral in motor and lateral is autonomic
L1.3 - Describe the organization of major descending (anterolateral and dorsal-column tracts) and ascending pathways (pyramidal tract)
Extra! Describe where all the white matter tracts in the spinal cord are
