Module 1 Flashcards
What does the axial skeleton include?
Skull, spine, ribs, sternum
What does the appendicular skeleton include?
Shoulder girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs
Name the bones in the hand
Carpals, metacarpals, proximal phalanges, intermediate phalanges, distal phalanges
Name the bones in the foot
Tarsals, metatarsals, proximal phalanges, middle phalanges, distal phalanges
What are the 6 functions of the skeleton?
- Framework
- Movement
- Protection
- Soft tissue attachment
- Production
- Storage
What are the 5 types of bones?
- Long bone
- Short bone
- Flat bone
- Irregular bone
- Sesamoid bone
What is the diaphysis?
This is the shaft of the bone. This is compact bone and it’s role is to support.
What is the epiphysis?
These are the ends of the bones and they are mainly cancellous bones. They are the primary sites for bone growth and also involved in the production of red blood cells.
What is the epiphyseal line?
This is a region connecting the diaphysis and the epiphysis together. It’s a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells where growth in the length of the diaphysis occur.
What is the articular (hyaline) cartilage?
This is a layer that covers the ends of the articulating bones along with synovial fluid in order to reduce friction and for smoother movement.
What is a compact bone?
Compact bones are hard and heavy therefore a dense material. It is the hard outer structure of the skeleton. These are made up of units called lamellae which are sheets of collagen aligned in a parallel pattern which gives it its strength. Compact bones are supplied with oxygen and nutrients through a blood supply within the structure called Haversian canals/osteons.
What is a cancellous bone?
These bones are a lot less dense and are normally at the ends of the bones and is surrounded by compact bone. This is where blood cells are created.
What is the periosteum?
This is a protective layer that covers the bones. It contains nerves, blood vessels and bone producing cells and are also point of attachment for tendons.
What is the medullary cavity?
This is the space within the diaphysis and contains fatty yellow marrow which is composed of adipose tissue which is useful for energy reserves.
What is the endosteum?
This is a connective tissue deep within the bones. It’s a thin vascular membrane that lines the inner surface of the bone that forms the medullary cavity.
What are the bone formation cells and their roles?
Osteoblasts - bone forming cells
Osteoclasts - bone destroying cells
Osteocytes - osteoblasts matured into bone cells
Explain how a lack of calcium could lead to osteoporosis
Calcium is involved in the skeletal system however in many other functions too such as muscle contractions, regulating fluid balances and transmission of nervous impulses. Bones act as calcium reservoir depending on the amount they can store and releases it. However, if there is not enough calcium in the body the bones will release it which can lead to osteoporosis.
Explain osteoporosis
Bone remodelling is a balanced activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Normally there would be a decrease in osteoblasts activity meaning there will be a drop in bone growth and also would lead to gradual loss of bone density.
What are the causes of osteoporosis?
- Poor diet lacking minerals and vitamins
2. Overtraining
What is a joint?
A joint is the location where two or more bones meet. The purpose of joints is to allow movement.
What are the 3 types of joints and explain them?
- Fibrous - immovable and joined by fibrous tissue rich in collagen fibres.
- Cartilaginous - slightly moveable and joined by cartilage.
- Synovial - freely movable and the most common type of joint in the body.
Explain the synovial joint structure
Synovial joints are freely moveable articulations. In these joints the bony surfaces are covered by articulate cartilage and connected by ligaments lined by synovial membrane. The bones of the synovial joints are covered in a layer of hyaline cartilage at the epiphysis with a smooth slippery surface to allow smooth joint movement, reduce friction and absorb shock during movement.
What are the 4 characteristics of synovial joints?
- Ends of bones are covered by hyaline cartilage
- Enclosed by ligaments for stability
- Surrounded by fibrous capsule
- Capsules lined by synovial membrane containing synovial fluid for lubrication
What are the 6 synovial joint types?
- Gliding/Plane
- Hinge
- Ball and socket
- Saddle
- Condyloid/ellipsoid
- Pivot