Module 1 Flashcards
A systematic process of gathering information, interpreting information, and analyzing information to resolve a specific problem. It is a process of “searching again”
Research
The study of our method of acquiring knowledge. It answers the question: “How do we know?”
Epistemology
Acquired through anything that is independent from experience, which is a product of pure reason or deduction as with math or tautologies
A priori knowledge
Acquired by experience or empirical evidence, as with most aspects of science and personal knowledge
A posteriori knowledge
10 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
- Systematic
- Objective
- Feasible
- Empirical
- Clear
- Logical
- Cyclical
- Analytical
- Replicable
- Critical
There is a system to follow in conducting research as there is a system for formulating each of its parts
Systematic
Composed of chapters that are organized in a logical and scientific manner
Macrosystem
Consists of the detailed contents of each chapter
Microsystem
The results of the research must never be based from biases
Objective
Any problem of extraordinary nature that directly or indirectly affects any profession is a feasible problem to study
Feasible
There should be supporting pieces of evidence and accompanying details for every variable used in the study
Empirical
The choice of variables used in the study should be explained by the researcher
Clear
Research follows valid, definite principles, frameworks, and procedures
Logical
Research starts with a problem and ends with another
Cyclical
After employing strictly and correctly the predetermined procedure and gathering empirical data, the latter must be analyzed to elicit the desired meaning from the obtained information
Analytical
It is only through this process of replication that particular research can claim the verifiability of valid and reliable or consistent results
Replicable
The researcher is careful and precise in processing ideas and judgement
Critical
Provides descriptions of the basic nature or the characteristics of the phenomenon. It relies not in numerical analysis but on narratives and stories coming from its research participants
Qualitative research
Measures the magnitude, size, or extent of the phenomenon. It is a form of research that uses statistical data as the main source of knowledge
Quantitative research
The heart of a good qualitative research. Those that cause unfavorable circumstances in a community or an organization
Research problem
An intellectual guess or tentative answer to the research questions. It serve as a guide toward designing the research methodology
Hypothesis
The process of gathering information by means of a defined method in order to support the hypothesis
Data collection
Could be anything that is used to represent facts and values or anything that may represent a characteristic of something that is being measured
Data
The process of examining data against the preconceived hypotheses
Data analysis
This process in qualitative research is necessary and in the need to return to the research subjects for validation purposes
Member-checking
9 CHARACTERISTICS OF A SUCCESSFUL RESEARCHER
- Curious
- Efficient
- Logical
- Effective
- Active
- Practical
- Inventive
- Honest
- Cost-Effective
A successful researcher is determined to investigate the intricacy of things
Curious
Manifested in the proper use of time, effort, and resources for an intended purpose. It is doing things right
Efficient
Researchers usually follow procedures identified to the scientific method in finding out answers to their queries
Logical
It means doing the right things. Researchers must know how to foresee errors so that they can be addressed immediately
Effective
Researchers get involved in all research opportunities available for them and collaborate with others in research activities relevant to their expertise
Active
In the event where resources are limited, researchers must be able to find ways to make use of the given resources and locally available materials to compensate for the things needed without compromising the quality of the research output
Practical
Researchers always have novel ideas. If a method is not feasible, they have alternative procedures to attain the objectives of the research. They always try to find unique or new ways to handle difficulties in solving a problem
Inventive
Researchers are not swayed to what is expected, but rather to what is true
Honest
Because of limited resources, successful researchers make it a point that these resources will not be wasted. To them, every single peso is important and must be utilized properly
Cost-Effective
A branch of philosophy that deals with rightness or wrongness of an act. It has something to do with how things should be done
Ethics
A Greek word that means “customs”
Ethos
8 RESEARCH ETHICS PRINCIPLES
- Honesty
- Objectivity
- Integrity
- Carefulness
- Openness
- Respect for intellectual property
- Trustworthiness
- Social and legal responsibility
It must be upheld in the planning, execution, and writing of the research report. It must also be observed on executing procedures by following strictly the proposed methodology
Honesty
The action or process of manufacturing or inventing something
Fabrication
The action of falsifying information or a theory
Falsification
Research investigations must be free from any forms of bias . They must not serve the interest of any parties, but the interest of finding the truth
Objectivity
The research must uphold sincerity and consistency
Integrity
Any research must be free of careless errors of negligence
Carefulness
Researchers must be open to constructive criticism
Openness
Ideas, copyrights, patents, and other forms of intellectual property owned by other individuals must be acknowledged properly when used as bases in any investigation. The principle “give credits to whom the credit is due” must be observed
Respect for intellectual property
Manifested in research if data and information about human respondents are used only for the purposes of the research
Trustworthiness
Research results must be published with the aim of advancing knowledge and promoting social welfare, minimizing harm and risk, and maximizing the benefits for the target population
Social and legal responsibility
Constitutes claiming another person’s idea or intellectual property as one’s own
Plagiarism
10 TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
- Clone
- Ctrl + C (copy-paste)
- Find-replace
- Remix
- Recycle
- Hybrid
- Mashup
- 404 error
- Aggregator
- Re-tweer
The act of submitting another’s work, word-for-word, as one’s own
Clone
The act of writing a study that contains significant portions of text from a single source without alterations
Ctrl + C (copy-paste)
The act of changing key words and phrases but retaining the essential content of the source in a paper
Find-replace
The act of paraphrasing from other sources and making the content fit together seamlessly
Remix
The act of borrowing generously from one’s own previous work without citation
Recycle
The act of combining perfectly-cited sources with copied passages without citation in one paper
Hybrid
The act of mixing copied materials from several different sources without proper citation
Mashup
The act of including nonexistent citations or inaccurate information about sources
404 error
The act of including proper citations but containing almost no original work
Aggregator
The act of including proper citation but relying too closely on the text’s original wording and/or structure
Re-tweer
It refers to written agreement signed by human respondents informing the researcher of their willingness or reluctance to participate in an experimental procedure
Informed consent
A respondent may choose not to disclose his or her identity to anyone, including the researchers themselves
Right to anonymity
It refers to the consideration of what animals feel when a certain procedure is done to them
Animal welfare
The least number of animal subjects is recommended
Reduce
It involves deviation from universally accepted conduct in research undertakings, resulting to scientific dishonesty
Scientific misconduct
It refers to the act of forcing an individual to participate in a research endeavor by using threats, rewards, or intimidation
Coercion
Only the results that do not reject the hypothesis are reported and published
Non-publication of data
Respondents should undergo debriefing after data gathering to minimize any stress or inconvenience affected by the study
Right to be protected from harm
All personal information extracted from the respondents should not be disclosed to the public at all conditions
Right to confidentiality
