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Principles of Psychology > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

The 3 influences on personality

A
  1. Genetic Factors
  2. Shared Environmental Factors
  3. Non-Shared Environmental Factors
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2
Q

Genetic Factors influencing Personality

A

Those traits inherited from genes

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3
Q

Shared Environmental Factors influencing Personality

A

Experiences that make individuals within the same family more alike

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4
Q

Non-Shared Environmental Factors

A

Experiences that make individuals within the same family less alike (treating one child more effectively - resulting in higher self esteem for that child in particular

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5
Q

Defence Mechanisms

A
  1. Repression
  2. Denial
  3. Regression
  4. Reaction-Formation
  5. Projection
  6. Displacement
  7. Rationalism
  8. Sublimation
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6
Q

Repression

A

A defence mechanism - when a person purposely forgets threatening memories or impulses by unconsciously pushing it out of consciousness

Example: a person who witnesses a traumatic combat scene finds himself unable to remember it

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7
Q

Denial

A

A defence mechanism - the refusal to acknowledge current events in our life in which are distressing

Example: a mother who loses a child in a car accident insists her child is still alive

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8
Q

Regression

A

A defence mechanism - the act of psychologically returning to a younger typically safer and simpler age

Example: a university student starts sucking his thumb during a difficult exam

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9
Q

Reaction-Formation

A

A defence mechanism - when the observable emotion we see actually reflects the opposite emotion the person subconsciously feels

Example: a married woman who is sexually attracted to a colleague experiences hatred and revulsion towards him

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10
Q

Projection

A

A defence mechanism - unconsciously acknowledging our negative characteristics and projecting them onto someone else rather than admitting to or dealing with these feelings

Example: a man with powerful unconscious sexual impulses towards females complains that women are always ‘after him’

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11
Q

Displacement

A

A defence mechanism - when we direct an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a more socially acceptable target

Example: after a frustrating day at work, we punch a boxing bag rather than a work colleagues face

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12
Q

Rationalism

A

A defence mechanism - providing a reasonable explanation for our unreasonable behaviours/failures

Example: a political candidate who loses an election convinces herself that she did not want the position after all

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13
Q

Sublimation

A

A defence mechanism - transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired goal

Example: a boy who started fires then went on to become chief of his local fire department

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14
Q

Stages of Psychosexual Development

A
  1. The oral stage
  2. The anal stage
  3. The phallic stage
  4. The latency stage
  5. The genital stage
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15
Q

The Oral Stage

A

The first stage of psychosexual development

  • From birth to 12-18 months
  • Infants obtain sexual pleasure by sucking and drinking
  • Adults who are orally fixated tend to react to stress by becoming intensely dependent on others for reassurance
  • Prone to unhealthy (oral) behaviours such as overeating, drinking and smoking
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16
Q

The Anal Stage

A

The second stage of psychosexual development

  • Lasts form 18 months to 3 years old
  • This is when children first come to face with psychological conflict
  • Children want to release tension and experience pleasure by moving their bowels, but must learn to do so in a socially appropriate place (the toilet)
  • If toilet training is either too harsh or too lenient, they will become fixated and prone to regressing to this stage in anxiety-provoking circumstances
  • Anally fixated individuals have anal-like personalities, excessive neatness, stinginess and stubbornness in adulthood
17
Q

The Phallic Stage

A

The third stage in psychosexual development
- Lasts from 3 to 6 years old
- Freud believes this stage is highly important in explaining personality
- During this stage, the penis (for boys) and the clitoris (for girls) become primary sexual zones for pleasure
- Oedipus complex/Electra Complex
When the child wants the opposite sex parent all to them selves, in a love triangle with parents
- those who do not resolve this stage will encounter psychological problems later in life
- Girls have ‘penis-envy’, and believe they are inferior to men

18
Q

The Latency Stage

A

The fourth stage in psychosexual development

  • Lasts from age 6 to 12 years
  • The calm after the phallic stage
  • Sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious
  • Girls and boys in this stage find each other ‘yucky’
19
Q

The Genital Stage

A

The fifth stage in psychosexual development

  • Generally begins age 12
  • Sexual impulses awaken
  • If development up to this point was successful, emergence of healthy relationships begin
  • If serious problems were encountered, difficulties establishing intimate attachments are likely
20
Q

Criticisms of Freud’s Psychosexual Development Theory

A
  1. Difficult to prove
  2. Can be falsified and often have been
  3. Theories were based on atypical samples and results were generalised

Principles of Psychology (1 decks)

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