module 1 Flashcards
What is a joint?
Holds the bones together where the bones meet. It involves bone shape and allows for movement control
What tissue is cartilage?
A connective tissue
What is the composition of cartilage?
Collagen fibres in a ground substance, blood vessels do not penetrate the cartilage
What happens when joints are loaded?
More nutrients are diffused.
Two kinds of cartilage are?
Hyaline and fibrocartilage.
Hyaline cartilage characteristics are?
Barley visible collagen fibres, high water content.
What is the function of hyaline cartilage?
water = resist compression and have a smooth frictionless surface.
Where is hyaline cartilage found?
It moulds to the surface of bones where they articulate. For smooth frictionless movement.
What effects does hyaline cartilage have with age?
it degrades
Fibrocartilage characteristics?
Collagen fibres form bundles throughout the matrix. These align with stresses.
What is the function of fibrocartilage?
To reist compression and tension.
Where would you find fibrocartilage?
At articulations that experience both compression and tension(deepening of articular surfaces)
What does fibrocartilage do for articular surafces?
Acts as a shock absorber(distribute force over a wider area)
Do joints have an inorganic component?
No
Does cartilage have any nerve cells or blood vessels etc..?
No
Ligaments and tendons have what tissue?
Dense fibrous connective tissue
Ligaments and tendons are composed out of?
collagen/elastin
Ligaments and tendons function
resist tension
Ligaments connect to?
Bone
Function of ligaments?
restrict movement(away from themselves)
Ligaments have little
elastin
Tendons connect?
Muscle to bone
Function of tendons?
Facilities and controls movement
What has more elastin?
Tendons are higher then ligaments
Tendons help?
Contraction
Main function of fibrous joints?
limit movement and provide stability
Main function of cartilaginous joints?
Have some movement
Tissues vs structures?
Tissue= how cells are grouped Structure= something formed of a tissue
Synovial Joints
Free-moving direction of movement is determined by structure.
Synovial Joints location?
Found in most most limb joints.
What are synovial joint features?
The bone ends determine the range of motion.
List functions of synovial joints?
Found in bone ends, articular cartilage, capsules the joints, secretes synovial fluids, ligaments
What covers bone ends?
Hyaline cartilage covers bone ends where they articulate and move
What membrane lines the inner surface of the joint?
Synovial fluid - lubricates the joint
Ligaments are found?
They hold bones together, Ligaments are tight and thick where more support is required/ vise versa for movement.
What does the medial collateral ligament do?
Restrict abduction
What does the lateral ligament do?
Lateral restricts adduction
What do intracapsular ligaments do?
Restrict movements between bones
What is one axes called
Uniaxial
What is two axes called?
Biaxial
Multiaxial
Many axes
What is the ROM determined by?
Structure of the joint (bone end shape, ligament location and length, body surface contact)
Plane joint is
Multiaxial, sliding and gliding, located in flat articular surfaces
Hinge joint is
Uniaxial, movements are flexion and extension
Pivot joint is
Uniaxial, movement is rotation
Condylar joint
Biaxial, flexion and extension, rotation(when flexed)
Ellipsoid joint
biaxial, same as(condylar) but abducts and adducts NO ROTATION
Saddle joint
Biaxial, flexion and extension, ab and add
Ball and joint socket
Multiaxial, flex and extend, abb and add, rotation
Bones begin as?
Cartilage
What is the process of transforming cartilage to bone?
Endochondral ossification
Bone growth is enabled by
Epiphyseal plates, starts out as cartilage
What happens from starting puberty?
Epiphyses start to fuse with diaphyses.
How do bones grow in length
Through growth plate
How do bones grow in width?
Through appositional growth(OB produces circumferential lamellae) OCS(for medullary cavity)
