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Geography -- Living In The Environment > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Environment

A

Everything that effects a living organism

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2
Q

Ecology

A

A biological science that studies the relationship between living organisms and their environment

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3
Q

Environmental science

A

An interdisciplinary study that uses information from the physical sciences and social sciences to learn how the earth works and how to deal with environmental problems

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4
Q

Environmentalism

A

A social movement dedicated to protecting the earth’s life support systems

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5
Q

Natural capital

A

Resources and ecological services that support and sustain the earth’s life and economies
Ex. Solar capital, including wind power and hydro power

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6
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The maximum number of organisms that can be maintained in an area without degrading the environment

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7
Q

Sustainability

A

Thus ability of a system to survive for an extended period of time

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8
Q

Sustainable living

A

Living off natural income replenished by souls, plants, air, and water and not depleting or degrading the earth’s natural capital that supplies this biological income

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9
Q

Economic growth

A

An increase in the capacity of a country to provide people with goods and services — this requires population growth (more producers and consumers)

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10
Q

Gross domestic product (GDP)

A

The annual market value of all goods and services produced by all firms and organizations operating within a country

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11
Q

Economic development

A

The improvement of living conditions by economic growth

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12
Q

Globalization

A

The prices of social, economic, and environmental global changes that leads to an increasingly connected world

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13
Q

Material resources classified as:

A

Perpetual
Renewable
Nonrenewable

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14
Q

Perpetual resource

A

Renewed continuously on a human time scale

Ex. Solar energy

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15
Q

Renewable resource

A

Can be replenished fairly quickly

Ex. Forests

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16
Q

Sustainable yield

A

The highest rate at which a renewable resource can be used indefinitely without reducing its available supply

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17
Q

Environmental degradation

A

When we exceed a renewable resource’s natural replacement rate and the available supply begins to shrink

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18
Q

Per capita ecological footprint

A

The amount of biologically productive land and water needed to supply each person in a population with the renewable resources they use to absorb or dispose of the wastes from such resource use

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19
Q

Bio capacity

A

The area of land that is actually available to produce renewable resources and to absorb wastes

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20
Q

When did humanity’s ecological footprint exceed the earth’s bio capacity?

A

2008

Exceeded by 50% and now climbing beyond that

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21
Q

Pollution

A

The presence of substances at high enough levels in air, water, soil, or food to threaten the health, survival, or activities of humans and other organisms

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22
Q

Point sources of pollutants

A

Single, identifiable sources

Ex. The drainpipe if a factory

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23
Q

Nonpoint sources of pollutants

A

Dispersed and often difficult to identify

Ex. Pesticides sprayed into the air

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24
Q

Two basic ways to deal with pollution

A

Pollution prevention/input prevention control

Pollution cleanup/output pollution control

The first is always preferable

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25
Q

Five major environmental problems

A 
Biodiversity depletion 
Food supply problems 
Waste production 
Water pollution 
Air pollution
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26
Q

Biodiversity depletion

A

Habitat destruction
Habitat degradation
Extinction

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27
Q

Food supply problems

A 
Overgrazing 
Farmland loss and degradation 
Wetlands loss and degradation 
Overfishing 
Coastal pollution 
Soil erosion 
Soil salinization 
Soil water logging 
Water shortages 
Groundwater depletion 
Loss of biodiversity
Poor nutrition
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28
Q

Water pollution

A 
Sediment 
Nutrient overload 
toxic chemicals 
Infectious agents 
Oxygen depletion 
pesticides 
oil spills 
Excess heat
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29
Q

Air pollution

A 
Global climate change 
Stratospheric ozone depletion 
Urban air pollution 
Acid deposition 
Outdoor pollutants 
Indoor pollutants 
Noise
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30
Q

Three major revolutions that effected the climate

A

Agricultural
Industrial-medical
Information and globalization

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31
Q

Environmental history of North America

A

Pre-colonial
Colonial settlement
Conservation
Environmental

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32
Q

Clifford Sifton

A

Considered the father of conservation in Canada
In 1896 became minister of the interior — places forests under federal control and organized the Canadian forestry association

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33
Q

James Harkon

A

First commissioner of national parks
Worked to ensure that Canadian wildlife would be protected
Often called the father of national parks

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34
Q

The antiquities act

A

Passed in 1906

Allows the president to protect areas of scientific or historical interest on federal lands as national monuments

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35
Q

National park service act

A

Declared that parks are to be maintained in a manner that leaves them unimpressed for future generations
Also established the national park service to manage the system

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36
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Using specific observations and measurements to arrive at a general conclusion or hypothesis

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37
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Using logic to arrive at a specific conclusion based on a generalization or premise

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38
Q

System

A

A set of components that function and interact in some regular and theoretically understandable manner
Most systems have:
Inputs, throughputs, outputs
Complex systems often show a time delay between the input of a stimulus and the system’s response to it

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39
Q

Feedback loop

A

Occurs when an outputs if matter, energy, or information is fed back into the system as an input and leads to changes in that system

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40
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

Causes a system to change further in the same direction

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41
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

Causes a system to change in the opposite direction

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42
Q

Synergistic interaction

A

Occurs when two or more processes interact so that the combined effect is greater than the sum of their separate effects

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43
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass
Found in two forms:
Elements and compounds

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44
Q

Atom

A

The smallest unit of matter that exhibits the characteristics of an element

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45
Q

Ion

A

An electrically charged atom or combination of atoms

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46
Q

How ions are formed

A

When at atom of an element loses or gains one or more electrons

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47
Q

Chromosomes

A

Combinations of genes that make up a single DNA molecule

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48
Q

Genome

A

The genome of a species is made up of the entire sequence of DNA letters that combine to spell out the chromosomes in a typical member of a given species
Like there is a human genome that represents the typical human (?? I think???)

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49
Q

Genes

A

Consist of specific sequences of nucleotides that provide the instructions for making the various proteins

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50
Q

Plasma

A

The fourth state of matter
High energy mixture
Contains roughly equal numbers of positive ions and negative electrons

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51
Q

Ionizing radiation

A 
Cosmic rays
Gamma rays 
Xrays 
Ultraviolet radiation 
They carry enough energy to knock electrons from atoms and change them to positively charged ions 
Makes ions!
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52
Q

Nonionizing radiation

A

Does not carry enough energy to form ions

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53
Q

Conduction

A

When hear flows from hot objects to cold objects

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54
Q

Convection

A

When one part of a volume of water is heated. The hot water rises to meet the cold water
Heat is transferred from hot to cold

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55
Q

Nuclear change

A

Three types:
Radioactive decay
Nuclear fission
Nuclear fusion

A nuclear change In which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast chunks of matter, high energy electromagnetic radiation, or both

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56
Q

Radioactive isotopes

A

Unstable isotopes

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57
Q

Persistence

A

A measure of how long the pollutant stays in the air, water, soil, or body

Degradable
Biodegradable
Slowly degradable
Nondegradable

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58
Q

Half-life

A

The time needed for one half of the nuclei in a given quantity of the radio isotope to decay and emit radiation

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59
Q

How ionizing radiation can damage cells

A

Genetic damage — alters genes and chromosomes

Solstice damage — damages tissues

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60
Q

Nuclear fission

A

A nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are split apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons

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61
Q

Nuclear fusion

A

A nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse

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62
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

When energy is changed from one form to another, some of the useful energy is always degraded to a lower quality more dispersed energy

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63
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

In all physical and chemical changes energy is neither created or destroyed but may be converted

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64
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

Surrounded by a membrane and has a distinct nucleus

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65
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

Has a surrounding membrane but no distinct nucleus

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66
Q

Population

A

A group of interacting individuals of the same species occupying a specific area

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67
Q

Habitat

A

The place or environment where a population normally lives

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68
Q

Distribution/range

A

The area over which we can find a species

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69
Q

Troposphere

A

Inner layer of the atmosphere

extends about 17km above sea level

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70
Q

Atmosphere parts

A

Troposphere

Stratosphere

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71
Q

Stratosphere

A

17-48km above the earth’s surface

Filters out most of the sun’s harmful radiation

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72
Q

Hydrosphere

A

The earth’s water

Liquid, ice, permafrost, water vapour

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73
Q

Lithosphere

A

The earth’s crust and upper mantle

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74
Q

Biosphere

A

Living things on earth

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75
Q

Producers/autotrophs

A

Self feeders

Make their own food from compounds from their environment

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76
Q

Consumers/heterotrophs

A

Other feeders

Get energy from feeding on other organisms

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77
Q

Detritivores

A

Feed on dead organic members

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78
Q

Decomposers

A

Specialized consumers that recycle organic matter into ecosystems
Like fungi!

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79
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

When producers, consumers, and decomposers use the chemical energy stores in organic compounds to fuel themselves

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80
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

When decomposers get their beefy by breaking down glucose in the absence of oxygen

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81
Q

Ecological efficiency

A

The percentage of usable energy transferred as bio mass from one trophic level to the next

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82
Q

The law of tolerance

A

The existence of a species in an ecosystem are determined by whether the levels of one or more physical or chemical factors fall within the range that the species can tolerate

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83
Q

The limiting factor principle

A

Too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit or prevent growth of a population even if all other factors are near the range of tolerance

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84
Q

Dissolved oxygen (DO) content

A

The amount of oxygen dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure

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85
Q

Salinity

A

The amounts of various inorganic materials or salts dissolved in a given volume of water

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86
Q

Genetic diversity

A

The variety of genetic material within a species or population

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87
Q

Species diversity

A

The number of species present in different habitats

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88
Q

Ecological diversity

A

The variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems found in an area or on the earth

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89
Q

Functional diversity

A

The biological and chemical processes needed for survival of species, communities, and ecosystems

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90
Q

Structural diversity

A

The range of variation in the physical characteristics of habitat
The more diverse the habitat the more potential there is for diversity of organisms

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91
Q

Net primary productivity

A

The rate at which producers use photosynthesis to store energy minus the rate at which they use stores energy through aerobic respiration
NPP=GPP - R

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92
Q

Stages in the water cycle

A 
Evaporation 
Transpiration 
Condensation 
Precipitation 
Infiltration 
Percolation 
Runoff
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93
Q

Evaporation

A

Conversion of water into water vapour

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94
Q

Transpiration

A

Evaporation from plant leaves after water is extracted from soil by roots and transported through the plant

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95
Q

Condensation

A

Conversion of water vapour into droplets of water

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96
Q

Precipitation

A

Rain
Sleet
Hail
Snow

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97
Q

Infiltration

A

Movement of water into soil

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98
Q

Percolation

A

Downward flow of water through soil and permeable rock formations to ground water storage areas called aquifers

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99
Q

Runoff

A

Surface movement down slopes to the sea to resume the cycle

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100
Q

Landscape ecology

A

The scientific study is how spatial patterns in the environment affect the abundance, distribution, and interaction of organisms

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101
Q

Landscape

A

An arbitrarily defined area of land that is generally larger than a single ecosystem

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102
Q

Steps in the origins of life

A

Chemical evolution to form the first cells
Biological evolution from single celled bacteria to single celled eukaryotic creatures and then to multicellular organisms

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103
Q

Micro evolution

A

The small genetic changes that occur in a population

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104
Q

Macro evolution

A

Long term large scale evolutionary changes through which new species form from ancestral species and others are lost through extinction

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105
Q

Alleles

A

When a particular gene may have two or more different molecular forms

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106
Q

Two ways mutations can occur

A

Exposure if DNA to external agents such as radioactivity

Random mistakes that sometimes occur in codes genetic instructions

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107
Q

Differential reproduction

A

A trait that allows individuals to reproduce more offspring than other members if the population

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108
Q

Adaptation

A

Any heritable trait that allows organisms to better survive and reproduce under whatever conditions

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109
Q

Directional natural selection

A

When changing conditions cause allele frequencies to shift so that individuals in one end of the spectrum become more common

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110
Q

Stabilizing natural selection

A

Eliminates individuals on both ends of the genetic spectrum

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111
Q

Diversifying natural selection

A

When conditions favour individuals at both ends of the spectrum at the expense of those with intermediate traits

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112
Q

Generalist species

A

Have broad niches

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113
Q

Specialized species

A

Have narrow niches

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114
Q

Divergent evolution

A

When one species evolves into a variety of similar species

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115
Q

Convergent evolution

A

When two distantly related groups converge into one species

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116
Q

Speciation

A

When two species arise from one

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117
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Two steps: geographic isolation and reproductive isolation

Organisms are separated geographically then reproductively then split into different species

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118
Q

Sympathetic speciation

A

When groups in a population are are unable to interbreed because of a mutation or subtle behavioural changes

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119
Q

Selective breeding

A

Creating a population with large numbers of a desired trait

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120
Q

rain shadow effect

A

Can create deserts on the sides of mountains where there’s no rain

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121
Q

Semidesert

A

The semiarid zones between deserts and grasslands

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122
Q

Permafrost

A

A perennially frozen layer of soil that firms bit far below the surface when the water there freezes

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123
Q

Four major types of organisms in saltwater and freshwater

A

Plankton
Nekton
Benthos
Decomposers

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124
Q

Three types of plankton

A

Phytoplankton (plant plankton)
Zooplankton
Ultraplankton

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125
Q

Ultraplankton

A

Photosynthetic bacteria no more than 2 micrometers wide

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126
Q

Nekton

A

Strongly swimming consumers suck as fish, turtles, and whales

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127
Q

Benthos

A

Bottom dwellers like barnacles and oysters

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128
Q

Euphoric zone

A

Layer in the ocean that sunlight can penetrate

Where photosynthesis happens

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129
Q

Intertidal zone

A

The area of shoreline between high and low tides

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130
Q

4 zones in a lake

A

Littoral zone
Limnetic zone
Profundal zone
Benthic zone

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131
Q

Littoral zone

A

The shallow sunlit waters near the shore of the lake

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132
Q

Limnetic zone

A

The open sunlit water surface layer away from the shore that extends to the depth penetrated by sunlight

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133
Q

Profundal zone

A

The deep open water where it is too dark for photosynthesis in a lake

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134
Q

Benthic zone

A

The bottom of the lake
Mostly decomposers and detritus feeders
And fish that swim from one zone to another

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135
Q

Epilimnion

A

Warm well oxygenated water near the surfaced
Heated by the sun
Canadian lakes

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136
Q

Hypolimnium

A

He cold water below the thermacline

In Canadian lakes

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137
Q

Fall turnover

A

In the fall
The surface water is cooled by exposure to cold air and sinks
Convection brings nutrients up from the bottom of the lake and mixes oxygen down from the surface

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138
Q

Spring turnover

A

In the spring ice melts
The cold water at the top sinks and sets up a convection
Mixes nutrients from the bottom and oxygen from the surface

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139
Q

Oligotrophic lake

A

A newly formed lake which generally has a small supply of plant nutrients

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140
Q

Cultural eutrophication

A

When the eutrophication of lakes is accelerated by human behaviour
Human inputs of nutrients

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141
Q

Mesotrophic lakes

A

Most lakes

They fall somewhere between the two extremes of nutrient enrichment

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142
Q

Surface water

A

Precipitation that does not sink to the ground or evaporate

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143
Q

Runoff

A

Water from a lake that flows into streams

The land area that delivers runoff to a stream is called a watershed

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144
Q

Watershed/drainage basin

A

The land area that delivers runoff, sediment, and dissolved substances to a stream

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145
Q

Inland wetland types

A

Marshes
Swamps
Fens
Bogs

146
Q

Marshes

A 
The most common wetland type 
Open water usually 
Cattails, reeds, pond lilies 
Nutrient rich and one of the most productive ecosystems on the planet 
Alkaline
147
Q

Swamps

A

Dominated by water tolerant trees
May or may not be free standing water all year
Neutral

148
Q

Fens

A

Peatland
Some mosses
The vegetation of fens can encroach on open water, gradually covering small bodies of water
Usually found in arctic and subarctic regions
Acidic

149
Q

Bogs

A

A type of peatland dominated by sphagnum moss
Wet spongy ground
May only receive water and nutrients from precipitation

150
Q

Habitat fragmentation

A

Increased edge area

Makes species more vulnerable to predators and fire

151
Q

Keystone species

A

If it is removed from an ecosystem, the ecosystem can collapse
A larger effect on the species than their numbers would suggest

152
Q

Foundation species

A

Those keystone species that play a major role in shaping communities by creating and enhancing habitat that benefits other species

153
Q

Resource partitioning

A

When species competing for similar scarce scarce resources evolve specialized traits that allow them to use shared resources at different times, in different ways, or in different places

154
Q

Parasitism

A

When one species gains its sustenance at the expense of another organism

155
Q

Endoparasites

A

Live inside their host

156
Q

Extoparasites

A

Attach themselves to the outside of their host

157
Q

Brood parasites

A

Lay their eggs in the nest of another bird and lets the host bird raise their young

158
Q

Mutualism

A

When two species interact in a way that benefits both

159
Q

Commensalism

A

A species interaction that benefits one species but has little effect on the other

160
Q

Ecological succession

A

The gradual change in species composition of a given area

161
Q

Primary succession

A

Involves the gradual establishment of biotic communities on nearly lifeless ground

162
Q

Secondary succession

A

When biotic communities are established in an area where some type of biotic community is already present

163
Q

The steps in primary succession

A

Pioneer species attach themselves to patches of bare rock
Perennials like grasses
herbs and shrubs
Trees

164
Q

Disturbance

A

A change in environmental conditions that disrupts a community or ecosystem

165
Q

Inertia/persistence

A

The ability of a living system to resist being disturbed

166
Q

Constancy

A

The ability of a living system such as a population to keep its numbers within the limits imposed by available resources

167
Q

Resilience

A

The amount of disturbance that s living system can successfully absorb without being fundamentally changed

168
Q

Precautionary principle

A

When there is evidence that a human activity can harm our health or bring about changes in environmental conditions that can affect our economies or quality of life, we should take precautions to prevent harm even if some of the cause and effect relationships are not understood yet

169
Q

Population dynamics

A

A study of how populations change in size, density, and age distribution in response to changes in environmental conditions

170
Q

Three patterns of population distribution in a habitat

A

Clumping
Uniform dispersion
Random dispersion

171
Q

Logistic growth

A

Involves rapid exponential population growth followed by steady decrease in population growth with time until the population size levels off

172
Q

Dieback/crash

A

After a population overshoot

Rise in death rate

173
Q

Population density

A

The number of individuals in a population found in a particular space

174
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

All offspring are exact genetic copies of a single parent

175
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Organisms produce offspring by combining sex cells or gametes from both parents

176
Q

Survivorship curve

A

Shows the percentages of the members of a population surviving at different ages

177
Q

Factors in loss of biodiversity

A

Founder effect
Demographic bottleneck
Genetic drift
Inbreeding

178
Q

Founder effect

A

Biodiversity loss
When a few individuals in a population colonize a new habitat that is geographically isolated from other members of the population

179
Q

Demographic bottleneck

A

Biodiversity loss

When only a few individuals in a population survive a catastrophe such as a fire or hurricane

180
Q

Genetic drift

A

biodiversity loss

Random changes in a population’s gene frequencies that can lead to unequal reproductive stress

181
Q

Inbreeding

A

Biodiversity loss

When individuals in a small population mate with each other

182
Q

Conservation biology

A

A multidisciplinary science that originated in the 1970s

The goal is to use emergency response to slow down the rate at which we are destroying the fucking world

183
Q

Bioinformatics

A

The applied science of managing, analyzing, and communicating biological information

184
Q

Old growth forest

A

An uncut forest or regenerated forest that has not been seriously disturbed by human activities or natural disasters for at least several hundred years

185
Q

Second growth forest

A

A stand of trees resulting from secondary ecological succession

186
Q

Tree plantation

A

A managed tract with uniformly aged trees or one species that are harvested by clear cutting as soon as they become commercially valuable

187
Q

Selection cutting

A

A system for light tolerant trees such as sugar maples and yellow birches
Regenerate the best under the sheltered of an established canopy
Cut singly or in groups to reduce crowding

188
Q

Clear cutting

A

Removes all the trees from an area in a single cutting

189
Q

Strip cutting

A

When trees are cut in a series of long thin clear cuts

190
Q

Seed-tree cutting

A

A silvicultural system
The foresters remove nearly all trees in one cutting like a clear cut
But they leave a scattering if mature seed trees to aid in the regeneration of the forest

191
Q

Shelterwood cutting

A

For trees that grow best in moderate sunlight

Removes trees in a series of cuts that are spaced over time

192
Q

Two types of forest fires

A

Crown fires — starts on the ground and eventually burns up the whole tree

Ground fires — underground, may smoulder for days or weeks and are hard to detect
Common in peat bogs

193
Q

Ecological benefits of surface fires

A

They burn away flammable ground material which helps prevent more destructive fires
They release valuable mineral nutrients
They stimulate the germination of certain tree seeds
Helps control pathogens and insects
Helps provide food for certain animals in the vegetation that grows after

194
Q

Deforestation

A

The temporary or permanent removal of large expanse of forest for agriculture or other uses

195
Q

Major effects of deforestation

A 
Decreases soil fertility from erosion 
Runoff from eroded soil into aquatic systems 
Extinction of species 
Loss of habitat for migratory species 
Regional climate change 
Global warming from release of CO2
Flooding
196
Q

Certified timber

A

A way of assuring the public that forest products have been grown and harvested using sound environmental practices

197
Q

Ecological restoration

A

The process of repairing damage caused by humans to the biodiversity and dynamics of natural ecosystems
Ex. Replanting forests, restoring grasslands

198
Q

Reconciliation ecology

A

Finding ways to share the places we dominate with other species

199
Q

Hot spots

A

The most endangered and species rich ecosystems

200
Q

Background extinction

A

Species disappearing at a low rate

201
Q

Mass extinction

A

A significant rise in extinction rates above a background level

202
Q

Categories of risk for extinction

A

Extirpated
Endangered
Threatened
Special concern

203
Q

Extirpated

A

A wildlife species no longer existing in the wild but existing elsewhere (like a zoo)

204
Q

Endangered species

A

Has so few individual survivors that the species could soon become extinct

205
Q

Threatened species

A

Still abundant in its natural range but is likely to become endangered in the near future

206
Q

Special concern

A

A species that may become endangered because of a combination of biological factors and identified threats

207
Q

Instrumental value of a species

A

The value of a species because of its usefulness to us

208
Q

Intrinsic value of a species

A

The idea that a species has the right to exist regardless of its usefulness to us

209
Q

Biophilia

A

The love of living systems and the desire to affiliate with them

210
Q

HIPPCO

A

Used to summarize the main secondary factors leading to extinction

Habitat distraction and fragmentation

Population growth

Pollution

Climate change

Over-harvesting

211
Q

largest causes of extinction from human activities

A 
Habitat loss 
Habitat degradation 
Introducing non native species 
Overfishing 
Climate change 
Predator and pest control 
Pollution 
Commercial hunting and poaching 
Sale of exotic pets and decorative plants
212
Q

Habitat fragmentation

A

Occurs when a large area of habitat is reduced into smaller and more scattered patches of habitat

213
Q

Threats to bird species

A

About 70% of the world’s species are declining
Non native species are a huge threat to birds
Also threatened by habitat loss and capture for pets
Caught on lines meant to catch bats
Oil spills
Pesticides
Viewed as an early warning for larger species extinction

214
Q

Harmful effects of non-native species

A

Some have no natural predators to help control their numbers
Can cause animal and plant extinctions
Can cause ecological and economic damage

215
Q

Ecological extinction

A

When there are so few members of a species left that it can no longer play its ecological roles in the biological communities where it is found

216
Q

Biological extinction

A

When a species is no longer found anywhere in earth

217
Q

Local extinction

A

When a species is no longer found in an area it once inhabited but is still found elsewhere

218
Q

Integrated coastal management

A

A community based effort to develop and use coastal resources more sustainably

219
Q

Marine reserves

A

Fully protected areas

Areas where no extraction and alteration of any living or nonliving resources is allowed

220
Q

Movable marine reserves

A

Marine reserves that can move with animals as they migrate through the oceans

221
Q

Ways to protect marine diversity

A 
Fishery regulations 
Economic approaches 
Protected areas 
Consumer information 
Bycatch 
Aquaculture
222
Q

Bycatch

A

Using wife meshed nets to allow the escape of smaller fish
Use net escape devices for birds and turtles
Ban on throwing edible and marketable fish into the sea

223
Q

Soil

A

A thin covering over most land that is a complex mixture of eroded rock, mineral nutrients, decaying organic matter, water, air, and living organisms

224
Q

Humus

A

The topsoil layer

A porous mixture of partially decomposed organic matter

225
Q

Leaching

A

Water seeps down
Dissolved organic matter in upper layers and carries them to lower layers
Of soil

226
Q

Loam

A

Kind of topsoil
Best suited for plant growth
Crumbly and spongy

227
Q

Soil porosity

A

A measure of the volume of pores in soil and the average distance between those pores

228
Q

Soil permeability

A

He rate at which water and air move from upper to lower soil layers

229
Q

Three systems humans rely on for their food supply

A

Croplands
Rangelands
Ocean fisheries

230
Q

Industrialized agriculture

A

Uses large amounts of fossil fuels, water, commercial fertilizers, and pesticides
Mostly used in “developed” countries

231
Q

Plantation agriculture

A

Involves growing cash crops on large monoculture plantations
Mostly grown by developing countries for developed countries

232
Q

Traditional subsistence agriculture

A

Uses mostly human and animal labour

Produces only enough crops for a farm family’s survival

233
Q

Interplanting

A

Used by traditional farmers

Growing several crops in the same plot

234
Q

Interplanting strategies

A

Polyvarietal cultivation
Intercropping
Agroforestry
Poly culture

235
Q

Soil erosion

A

The movement of soil components from one place to another

236
Q

Waterlogging

A

Farmers put too much water in the soil which increases saline water in the roots and kills their productivity

237
Q

Kinds of organic fertilizer

A

Animal manure
Green manure
Compost

238
Q

Ways to grow crops that reduce soil erosion

A 
Cover crops 
Terracing 
Contour farming 
Strip cropping 
Windbreaks
239
Q

Consumptive use

A

Water removed from a body of water and not returned

240
Q

Non-consumptive use

A

Water not removed or only temporarily removed from a source

241
Q

Breakdown of the world’s water

A

70% saline
2.6 fresh
Most of the fresh is locked up in ice caps and glaciers
We’re left with 0.014%

242
Q

Weather

A

An area’s short term atmospheric conditions

Ex. Temperature, pressure, moisture content, precipitation, sunshine, cloud cover, wind direction and speed

243
Q

How meteorologists do weather

A

Equipment on weather balloons, aircrafts, ships, satellites
Radar and stationary sensors
They feed into computer models to draw weather maps

244
Q

Weather front

A

The boundary between two air masses with different temperatures and densities

245
Q

Warm front

A

The boundary between an advancing warm air mass and the cooler one it is replacing
Because warm air is less dense than cool air, a warm front rises over a mass of cool air

246
Q

Cold front

A

The leading edge of an advancing mass of cold air
Because cold air is denser than warm air, an advancing cold front stays close to the ground and goes underneath less dense warmer air

247
Q

Jet streams

A

Powerful winds near the top of the troposphere
Generally remove from west to east
Could cause droughts, funnel moisture, create violent storms or flooding

248
Q

Air pressure

A

Results from tiny molecules of gases in the atmosphere zipping around at incredible speeds and hitting and bouncing off anything they encounter

249
Q

A high

A

An air mass with high pressure

Contains cool dense air that descends towards the earth’s surface and becomes warmer

250
Q

A low

A

A low pressure air mass

Produces cloudy and sometimes stormy weather

251
Q

Climate

A

A region’s long term atmospheric conditions

Average temperature and participation

252
Q

The greenhouse effect

A

The natural warming effect of the troposphere

The human created elements of this are the concern

253
Q

Greenhouse gases

A 
Carbon dioxide 
Methane 
Ozone 
Nitrous oxide 
Water vapour
254
Q

Ozone

A

Filters UV light as part of the stratospheric ozone layer and as a component of photochemical smog in the lower troposphere

255
Q

Nitrous oxide

A

Has been increased by human activities such as raising cattle, manufacturing chemicals, farming with synthetic fertilizer, cars

256
Q

Density

A

A

257
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

Q

258
Q

Troposphere

A 
The atmosphere’s innermost layer 
Made up mostly of nitrogen and oxygen with smaller amounts of water vapour and carbon dioxide 
Extends only 17 km above sea level 
Involved in the cycling of nutrients 
Responsible for weather and climate
259
Q

Stratosphere

A

The atmosphere’s second layer
Filters out most of the sun’s UV radiation
Extends 17-48 km above sea level

260
Q

Ozone layer

A

Q

261
Q

Ozone

A

O3
Produced when some of the oxygen molecules interact with UV radiation emitted by the sun
The thing in the stratosphere that keeps the sun from damaging us
Prevents the oxygen in the troposphere from being converted to photochemical ozone which is a harmful air pollutant

262
Q

Air pollution

A

The presence of chemicals in the atmosphere in concentrations high enough to affect climate and harm organisms and materials

263
Q

Industrial smog

A

In cities

Consists of sulphur dioxide l, aerosols, and a variety of suspended solid particles

264
Q

Photochemical smog

A

An air pollutant
Formed when a mix of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds from natural human sources react chemically under the influence of UV radiation
Produces a mixture of more than 100 primary and secondary pollutants

265
Q

Temperature inversion

A

When a layer of warm air lies on top of cooler air nearer the ground

266
Q

Acid deposition

A

Acid rain

267
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

A measure of the force per unit area in air

Decreases with altitude

268
Q

Primary pollutants

A

Those emitted directly into the troposphere in a harmful form
Ex. Soot, carbon monoxide

269
Q

Secondary pollutant

A

When primary pollutants react with one another in the troposphere to create new pollutants

270
Q

Geology

A

The science devoted to the study of dynamic processes occurring on the earth’s surface and in its interior

271
Q

Core

A

The earth’s innermost zone
Very hot
Has a solid inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material

272
Q

Mantle

A

Surrounds the core
Thick and solid
Most of it is solid but under its outermost part is the asthenosphere of very hot partly melted rock that flows slowly and can be deformed like soft plastic

273
Q

Crust

A

The outermost and thinnest zone
The continental crust underlies the continents
The oceanic crust underlies the oceans

274
Q

Tectonic plate

A

About 15 Huge solid plates that move slowly across the earth’s surface
Movement caused by the flows of energy in the mantle convection cells

275
Q

Lithosphere

A

Q

276
Q

Weathering

A

The physical, chemical, and biological processes that break down rocks and minerals into smaller particles that can be eroded

277
Q

Volcano

A

Occurs when magma reaches the earth’s surface through a long fissure
Can release ejecta into the environment

278
Q

Earthquake

A

Energy released as shock waves

279
Q

Tsunami

A

Tidal waves

Earthquakes at sea that cause huge waves

280
Q

Mineral

A

An element that occurs naturally, is solid, and has a regular internal crystalline structure
Some are a single element, some are compounds

281
Q

Rock

A

A part of the earth’s crust

A solid combination of one or more minerals

282
Q

Sedimentary rock

A

Formed from sediment deposited in layers and accumulated over time

283
Q

Igneous rock

A

Formed when magma wells up and hardens

284
Q

Metamorphic rock

A

Formed when a pre-existing rock is subjected to high temperatures, huh pressured, chemically active fluids, or a combination
These forces transform the rock by reshaping it’s internal structure and it’s appearance

285
Q

Rock cycle

A

The interaction of processes that changes rocks from one type to another
Recycled the three types of rocks over millions of years
The slowest of the earth’s cycles

286
Q

non-renewable Mineral resource

A

A concentration of naturally occurring material in the earth’s crust that can be extracted and processes into useful materials at an affordable cost

287
Q

Ore

A

Rock containing enough metallic minerals to be mined profitably

288
Q

Reserves

A

A resource that we can extract non renewable minerals from affordably

289
Q

Surface mining, subsurface mining

A

How buried mineral deposits are removed
Shallow are from surface
Deep are from subsurface

290
Q

Overburden

A

The extra soil and rock that is stripped away by mining equipment

291
Q

Spoils

A

Waste material from mining minerals

292
Q

Open-pit mining

A

Machines dig holes and remove ore

293
Q

Heap leaching

A

A mining technology in America and Australia
Cheap enough to allow companies to level an entire mountain for a small amount of gold ore
Cyanide is used to separate gold from waste ore

294
Q

Acid mine drainage

A

Q

295
Q

Strip mining

A

Any form of mining involving extracting mineral deposits in large horizontal beds close to the earth’s surface

296
Q

Area strip mining

A

When the terrain is fairly flat
An earthmover strips away the overburden and a shovel digs a cut to remove the mineral deposit
A trench is filled with the overburden and a new cut is made parallel to the previous one

297
Q

Contour strip mining

A

For hilly or mountain terrain
A shovel cuts a series of terraces into the side of a hill
An earthmover removed the overburden and it’s dumped into the terrace below

298
Q

Mountaintop removal

A

Uses explosives, huge shovels, and huge machinery to remove the top of a mountain and expose the seams of coal underneath

299
Q

Smelting

A

Used to separate the metal from the other elements in the ore mineral
Without proper proper pollution control, smelters emit a huge amount of air pollution

300
Q

Depletion time

A

How long it takes to use up 80% of the reserves of a mineral at a given rate of use

301
Q

Dredging

A

Chain buckets and draglines scrape up underwater mineral deposits

302
Q

Net energy yield

A

The usable amount of high quality energy available from a given amount is a resource

303
Q

EROI

A

Energy return on investment

The ratio of the total energy gained from energy production processes to the energy required to get that energy

304
Q

Crude oil

A

Petroleum

Oil as it comes out of the ground

305
Q

Petrochemical

A

Products of oil distillation

Used as raw materials in manufacturing pesticides, plastics, paint, medicine, etc.

306
Q

Tight oil

A

Light to medium grade conventional oil found in rocks whose pores and cracks are too small to allow easy flow

307
Q

Shale gas

A

A natural gas that has been collected from where it was trapped in fine grain sedimentary rocks
Released by fracking

308
Q

Hydraulic fracturing

A

A technology that sparked the tight oil gas boom
Aka fracking
Opens up additional pathways in the rock and allows for the oil to flow more freely

309
Q

Oil sand

A

A mixture of clay, sand, water, and bitumen (a combustible organic material)

310
Q

Natural gas

A

A mixture of methane, ethane, propane, butane

Conventional natural gas lies above most reservoirs of crude oil

311
Q

Liquefied petroleum gas

A

When a natural gas field is tapped, propane and butane are liquified and removed as liquified petroleum gas (LPG)

312
Q

Liquified natural gas

A

At a very low temperature, natural gas can be converted to LNG
highly flammable liquid

313
Q

Coal

A

Consists mostly of carbon with small amounts of sulphur, mercury, radioactive material

314
Q

Synthetic natural gas

A

Solid coal can be converted into synthetic natural gas (SNG) by coal gasification

315
Q

Nuclear fuel cycle

A

Includes the mining of uranium
Processing it
Using it in a reactor
Safety storing the resulting radioactive wastes for thousands of years
And dealing with the radioactive reactor after its useful life

316
Q

Energy efficiency

A

A measure of the useful energy produced by an energy conversion device
COMPARED TO the energy that ends up being converted to useless los energy in the same process

317
Q

Micro power systems

A

Small scale energy generating units are predicted to replace centralized large scale energy units
Similar to the switch to laptops and iPhones from huge computers

318
Q

High-throughput economy

A

Economies that attempt to sustain ever increasing economic growth by increasing the one way flow of resources through their economic systems

319
Q

Matter-recycling-and-reuse economy

A

A circular economy

reuses our matter outputs instead of dumping them into the environment

320
Q

Risk management

A

Deciding whether or how to reduce risk and at what cost

321
Q

Risk assessment

A

The scientific process of estimating how much harm a particular hazard can cause to human health

322
Q

Pathogen

A

Bacteria, viruses, parasites

323
Q

Risk of biological hazards

A

Pathogens, allergens, poisonous animals

324
Q

Risk of chemical hazards

A

Harmful chemicals in the air, soil, food

325
Q

Risk of physical hazards

A

Radiation, fire, tornado, flood, earthquake

326
Q

Risk of cultural hazards

A

Unsafe working conditions, smoking, poor diet, assault, poverty

327
Q

Difference between a transmittable and non transmittable disease

A

Transmittable: caused by living organisms and can spread from one person to another

Non transmittable: causes my something other than a living organism and dies not travel from one person to another

328
Q

Toxic chemical

A

A chemical that causes harm to organisms

329
Q

Teratogens

A

Mutations that cause harm or birth defects to a fetus

330
Q

Carcinogens

A

Chemicals or radiation that cause cancer

331
Q

Dose

A

The amount of a substance a person has invested

332
Q

Response

A

The type and amount of health damage from exposure to a chemical or other agent

333
Q

Dose-response curve

A

Shows the effects of various dosages or s toxic agent on a group of test organisms

334
Q

Risk analysis

A

Identifying hazards and evaluating their associated risks

335
Q

Solid waste

A

Any unwanted or discarded material that is not liquid or gas

336
Q

Municipal solid waste

A

Garbage

337
Q

Electronic waste

A

TVs, computers, cell phones, etc.
The largest growing solid waste problem
A source of toxic and hazardous wastes

338
Q

Planetary management worldview

A

As the planet’s most important species we are in charge of nature
We will not run out of resources because we will find new ones
We control everything

339
Q

Stewardship worldview

A

We are the planet’s most important species and so we have a responsibility to take care of nature
We probably won’t run out of resources but we shouldn’t waste them

340
Q

Environmental wisdom worldview

A

Nature exists for all species, but just us — we are not in charge
Resources are limited and shouldn’t be wasted and not all for us
We need to learn more about the earth

341
Q

Natural capital

A

The materials produced by the earth’s natural processes

342
Q

Human capital

A

People’s talents that provide skills and abilities, innovation, culture, organization

343
Q

Manufactured capital

A

Items made from natural resources with the help of Human Resources

344
Q

Pure free-market economic system

A

A theoretical ideal in which buyers and sellers freely interact in markets without any government interference

345
Q

Discount rate

A

An estimate of a resource’s future economic value compared to its present value

346
Q

Cost-benefit analysis

A

A tool used to compare costs and benefits for actions such as implementing pollution control regulation

347
Q

Genuine progress indicator

A

The estimated value of transactions that need basic needs but in which no money changes hands are added to the GDP
Then the estimated harmful environmental costs and social costs are subtracted from the GDP

348
Q

Gross domestic product economic indicator

A

Economists use it to measure the economic outputs if nations

349
Q

Human development index

A

Based on measurements of a country’s standard of living

Developed by the UN

350
Q

Canadian index is well-being

A

Measures living standards, time allocation, population health, etc.

351
Q

Full-cost pricing

A

Including all costs in an item’s market value for the sake of allowing customers informed choices

352
Q

Statutory law

A

Laws developed and passed by federal and provincial governments

353
Q

Administrative law

A

Administrative rules and regulations, executive orders, etc. Related to the implementation of statutory laws

354
Q

Common law

A

A body of unwritten rules derived from thousands of past legal decisions

355
Q

Civil suit

A

Lawsuits brought up to settle disputes between one party and another
The kind that most environmental lawsuits are

356
Q

Environmental policy

A 
Guided by the principles: 
Humanity 
Reversibility 
Precautionary 
Prevention 
Polluter pays 
Integrative 
Public participation 
Human rights 
Environmental justice
357
Q

Major components of sustainable agriculture

A 
More: 
High yield polyculture 
Organic fertilizers 
Biological pest control 
Irrigation efficiency 
Perennial crops 
Crop rotation 
Water efficiency 
Soil conservation 
Less: 
Erosion 
Salinization 
Aquifer depletion 
Overgrazing 
Overfishing 
Loss of biodiversity 
Food waste 
Population growth 
Poverty
358
Q

Methods for sustainable water use

A

Non depleting aquifers
Preserving aquatic systems
Integrated watershed management
Wasting less water
decreasing government subsidies for supplying water
Increasing government subsidies for reducing water waste
Slowing population growth

359
Q

Major components of the environmental revolution

A 
Biodiversity protection 
Efficiency 
Solar-hydrogen 
Pollution prevention 
Sufficiency 
Demographic 
Economic and political
360
Q

Urbanization

A

The amount of a population living in an urban area — increasing??

361
Q

Urban growth

A

The rate of increase of urban populations

362
Q

Urban sprawl

A

Growth of low density development on the edges of cities

Geography -- Living In The Environment (1 decks)

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