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BIOL 115 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is life capable of?

A

Growth, Reproduction, Functional activity, Adaptation

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2
Q

What is a prion?

A

Infectious agent that causes proteins to fold up in weird ways, NOT alive

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3
Q

What are viruses?

A

Infectious agents that use host machinery, yet they don’t respond to stimuli, NOT alive

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4
Q

What are kingdoms?

A

Taxonomic category of the highest rank

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5
Q

What are the 6 kingdoms?

A

Plants, animals, fungi, Protista, bacteria, archaea

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6
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea

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7
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of individuals that regurlarily breed together

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8
Q

What are prokarya?

A

Single cells that lack membrane-bound organelles

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9
Q

What are eukarya?

A

Organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes

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10
Q

How do prokaryote get to eukaryote?

A
  1. Acquire a nucleus
  2. Acquire a mitochondria
  3. Acquire chloroplasts
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11
Q

What is evolution?

A

Change in inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations

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12
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Non-random evolution, phenotypic variation that is heritable

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13
Q

What is selection acting upon?

A

Phenotypes

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14
Q

What is adaptation?

A

Traits that are evolved through natural selection

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15
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

Pushing everything toward the middle/mean, extreme variants are selected against
ex: birth weight

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16
Q

What is directional selection?

A

Selection will move in directional of favourable phenotype based on its survival in the given environment
ex: different fur colours

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17
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

Features of an animal whose function is not to improve survival but to maximize their reproductive success

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18
Q

What is intrasexual selection?

A

Individuals intimidate, deter, or defeat same-sex rivals

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19
Q

What is intersexual selection?

A

Individuals make themselves more attractive to the opposite sex

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20
Q

The flashy sex has greater:

A

Variance or skew, will evolve more elaborate traits

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21
Q

The choosy sex has greater:

A

Investment, therefore they are more selective about who to mate with

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22
Q

What is skew?

A

Tells us about the shape of distribution

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23
Q

What is the Bateman’s Gradient?

A

The idea that whichever sex has greater variance or reproductive skew (flashy) will have a steeper Bateman’s Gradient

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24
Q

What is Sexy Sons/Fisher’s Runaway Selection Model?

A

The idea that females show a preference for a particular character, so the sons of those females will display that character and the daughters will display that preference

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25
Q

What is the Good Genes/Immunocompetence hypothesis?

A

The idea that some males are genetically more resistant to infections/parasites, therefore they would survive longer be less likely to affect females and their offspring

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26
Q

What is the Pre-existing sensory bias and sensory exploitation?

A

The idea that females have a bias for particular types of sensory stimuli, and they mate with males that produce their preferred signal

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27
Q

What is a phylogeny?

A

A history of organismal lineages as they change through time

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28
Q

What is a parsimony?

A

How to get to the pattern of trait expression in the descendants with the fewest changes

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29
Q

What is a pleiotropy?

A

When a single gene influences many phenotypic traits

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30
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

A change in frequency of an existing gene (random)

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31
Q

What is genetic bottleneck?

A

An extreme example of drift where an event results in a big decrease in population size and genetic diversity

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32
Q

What is founder effect?

A

Similar to a genetic bottleneck except here a subset of the population “founds” a new population somewhere else (still results as a decrease in population size and genetic diversity)

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33
Q

What is inbreeding?

A

When closely related individuals mate

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34
Q

What do natural barriers do?

A

Separate species and prevent gene flow between populations

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35
Q

What is speciation?

A

Occurs when gene pools are separated and populations diverge genetically overtime

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36
Q

What is reproductive isolation?

A

Mechanisms that prevent gene flow between members of different species

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37
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Cell formed by the joining of two gametes

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38
Q

What are pre-zygotic isolation mechanisms?

A

They prevent the formation of a zygote

39
Q

What is ecological isolation?

A

Different environments

40
Q

What is temporal isolation?

A

Mating behaviour at different times

41
Q

What is behavioural isolation?

A

Different mating activities

42
Q

What is mechanical isolation?

A

Mating organs are incompatible

43
Q

What is gametic isolation?

A

Gametes cannot unite

44
Q

What are post-zygotic isolation mechanisms?

A

Occur after the formation of a zygote

45
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

When there is physical isolation (ex: on an island)

46
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

When species arise in the absence of some sort of physical isolation/barrier

47
Q

What is parapatric speciation?

A

When species live close to each other and only share a small contact zone (ex: Californian salamanders)

48
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Genetic material (DNA) in all cells

49
Q

What are epigenetics?

A

Heritable changes depending on the environment that doesn’t require changes to the DNA sequence (mutation)

50
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

Relationships that evolve between individuals

51
Q

What is parasitism?

A

A relationship between individuals where one individual benefits (parasite) to harm the other (host)

52
Q

What is commensalism?

A

A relationship between individuals where one individual benefits and the other is unaffected

53
Q

What is mutualism?

A

A relationship between individuals (usually from different species) where both individuals benefit

54
Q

What is a microbiome?

A

Totality of microbes in an environment

55
Q

Where do bacteria come from?

A

Babies get bacteria in utero, continue to gain over the first few years, then the gut can be repopulated by the appendix

56
Q

What problems have arisen from urbanization?

A

Unfamiliar bacteria, bacteria in the wrong places

57
Q

What are resistant bacteria?

A

Bacteria that have genes that allow them to survive from in the presence of an antibiotic

58
Q

How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?

A

Some individuals have mutations that protect them against antibiotics. Those bacteria with mutations that make them highly resistant with survive after selection pressure and reproduce. The frequency of the alleles for resistance will be higher in the next generation

59
Q

What are the 3 classes of antibiotics?

A

Those who interfere with the:

  1. Cell wall
  2. Synthesis of nucleic acids
  3. Synthesis of proteins
60
Q

What types of adaptation make bacteria antibiotic resistant?

A
  1. Drug modification (alters antibiotics so they don’t work)
  2. Drug degradation (bacteria break down antibiotics)
  3. Reduced drug accumulation within bacteria (prevent antibiotics from entering)
61
Q

What are the two ways bacteria store DNA?

A

Chromosomal and plasmid

62
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A

Plasmids are copied and transferred

63
Q

What are two problems with drug development?

A
  1. The more that we use an antibiotic to treat infection, the faster it will become ineffective
  2. Not cost effective to create antibiotics
64
Q

What are probiotics?

A

An attempt to re-establish or increase populations of “good” bacteria

65
Q

What are the 5 types of virus/bacteria transmission?

A

Droplet, airborne, waterborne, vector, sit-and-wait

66
Q

What is virulence?

A

How much the virus/bacteria affects the host’s fitness

67
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

New cases of a disease that exceed expectation based on recent experience

68
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

An epidemic that has spread through a large region

69
Q

What makes viruses so adaptable?

A

Relatively simple construction, short generation time, high mutation rates

70
Q

What are the subtypes of influenza?

A

Hemagglutinin (important for binding and selectivity) and Neuraminidase (lets new copies of the virus out of the cell so they can affect other cells)

71
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

Small changes in the virus that occur gradually through the accumulation of mutations

72
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A

Large, abrupt changes to the virus due to the cell being infected by multiple viruses (ex: viruses from more than one species  H1N1)

73
Q

Why was there such worry around the H1N1 virus?

A
  • The immune system will be unable to recognize them
  • Humans will not have immunity from viruses from another species
  • Shifted viruses have potential for high virulence
74
Q

Why was the Spanish flu considered strange?

A
  • There were 3 waves of infection
  • Healthy, young adults were being lethally affected
  • Effects of the virus were really rapid
75
Q

What is ebola/Marburg hemorrhagic fever?

A

Filoviruses or filamentous viruses that can affect humans as well as other primates

76
Q

How do you deal with pandemics?

A

Quickly produce a vaccine, limit exposure and transmission, do a bottom-up approach to finding a possibly pandemic virus

77
Q

When faced with selection pressure, species can:

A
  • Show phenotypic plasticity
  • Evolve or adapt
  • Go extinct
78
Q

What is phenotypic plasticity?

A

Some organisms can alter the phenotype, express different traits depending on environmental condition (does not require genetic change or evolution)

79
Q

What is trophic mismatch?

A

Timing of migration and breeding need to coordinate with the timing of food availability

80
Q

What is the Lombard effect?

A

We will increase the amplitude (loudness) and frequency (pitch) of our speech when ambient noise increases

81
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different versions of the same gene

82
Q

What is hybrid inviability?

A

Gametes unite but viable offspring cannot form

83
Q

What is hybrid infertility?

A

Viable hybrid offspring cannot reproduce

84
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

A change in allele frequency that occurs due to chance

85
Q

What is the scientific method?

A
  1. Make observations
  2. Form a question
  3. Propose a hypothesis
  4. Test the hypothesis
  5. Assess, reject, or accept hypothesis
86
Q

What is internal validity?

A

Was the study well designed to test the cause and effect relationship between the variables?

87
Q

What is external validity?

A

How well can your findings be generalized to the population outside of you study?

88
Q

What is statistical significance?

A

Refers to results that are not attributable to chance (depends on size of sample and size of observed effect)

89
Q

Why do statistics matter?

A

The mean tells you the middle, and the standard deviation or skew tells us about the shape of the distribution. Knowing this helps us know whether two means are likely to be the same of different

90
Q

What was Lamark’s assumption?

A

Thought that there was use-dependent change (e.g. giraffes’ stretch their necks over generations because they were stretching to reach different branches

91
Q

What is inbreeding depression?

A

The reduced biological fitness in a given population as a result of breeding with related individuals

92
Q

What is transmissibility?

A

mode of transmission → how efficiently is it passed from one host to another

93
Q

What is the Lombard effect?

A

The involuntary tendency of speakers to increase their vocal effort when speaking in loud noise to enhance the audibility of their voice

BIOL 115 (3 decks)

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