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ANAT100 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How is the human body organized from small to large?

A 
Chemical level (atoms and molecules)
Cellular level 
Tissue level 
Organ level
Organ system level (e.g. CNS)
Organism level (e.g. human)
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2
Q

What are cells?

A

Smallest living structures and are formed from atoms and molecules.

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3
Q

What are tissues?

A

Similar cells that perform specialized functions.

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4
Q

What are organs?

A

Two or more tissues that work together to perform complex functions.

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5
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function.

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6
Q

What are the two main divisions of the body?

A

Axial and appendicular.

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7
Q

What does the axial division of the body include?

A

Head, neck and trunk.

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8
Q

What does the appendicular division of the body include?

A

Limbs and appendages.

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9
Q

What are the organ systems of the body?

A 
Integumentary system
Skeletal system
Reproductive system 
Muscular system 
Nervous system 
Endocrine system
Digestive system 
Respiratory system
Cardiovascular system 
Lymphatic system 
Urinary system
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10
Q

What is the integumentary system made up of?

A

Hair, skin, and nails.

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11
Q

What is the skeletal system made up of?

A

Bones and joints.

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12
Q

What is the nervous system made up of?

A

Brain, spinal cord and nerves.

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13
Q

What is the endocrine system made up of?

A

Glands that produce and secrete hormones.

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14
Q

What is the respiratory system made up of?

A

Nose, air passageways and lungs.

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15
Q

What is the cardiovascular system made up of?

A

Blood, blood vessels, and heart.

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16
Q

What is the lymphatic system made up of?

A

Lymphatic vessels, cells and structures of the innate immune response.

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17
Q

What is the urinary system made up of?

A

Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.

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18
Q

What are the three types of body cavities?

A

Thoracic
Abdomino-pelvic
Cranial

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19
Q

What does the thoracic cavity consist of?

A

Superior Mediastinum
Pleural
Pericardial

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20
Q

What does the abdomino-pelvic cavity consist of?

A

Abdominal digestive viscera
Pelvic urinary bladder
Reproductive organs

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21
Q

What does the cranial cavity consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord.

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22
Q

What organs are in the superior mediastinum?

A

Esophagus and trachea.

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23
Q

What are the two main categories of body cavities?

A

Ventral and dorsal.
Ventral contains thoracic and abdomino-pelvic cavities.
Dorsal contains the cranial cavity.

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24
Q

In relation to the ear, the nose is what?

A

Ventral

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25
Q

In relation to the nose, the ear is what?

A

Dorsal

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26
Q

In relation to the elbow, the shoulder is what?

A

Proximal

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27
Q

In relation to the elbow, the hand is what?

A

Distal

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28
Q

In relation the bellybutton, the nose is what?

A

Superior

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29
Q

In relation to the bellybutton, the feet are what?

A

Inferior

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30
Q

In relation to the basal lamina, the outer layer of the skin is what?

A

Superifical

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31
Q

In relation to the outer layer of the skin, the basal lamina is what?

A

Deep

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32
Q

In relation to the elbow, the bellybutton is what?

A

Medial

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33
Q

In relation to the bellybutton, the elbow is what?

A

Lateral

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34
Q

What does parietal refer to?

A

Body walls

e.g. muscles and connective tissue

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35
Q

What does visceral refer to?

A

The lining of the outer surface of organs that are located within cavities.

36
Q

What are the anatomical planes?

A

Sagittal, coronal, horizontal (transverse), oblique

37
Q

What are the four basic types of tissues in the human body?

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Nervous
  4. Muscle
38
Q

What are the two types of epithelium?

A
  1. Covering - covers external surfaces

2. Glandular - produce/secretes product e.g. hormones

39
Q

What is the epithelium composed of?

A

Apposed (side by side cells)

There is little intraceullar substance.

40
Q

What are the five characteristics of the epithelium?

A
  1. Cellularity - epithelial cells are joined by junctions
  2. Polarity - apical (exposed side), basal
  3. Attachment - epithelial cells separated from underlying tissue by basal lamina
  4. Avascular
  5. Regeneration
41
Q

What are the functions of the epithelium?

A
  1. Support and protection
  2. Permeability
  3. Sensation
  4. Secretion
42
Q

A layer of single cells that make up the epithelium are classified as?

43
Q

Multiple layers of cells that make up the epithelium are classified as?

A

Stratified

44
Q

What are the types of cell shapes found in the epithelium?

A

Squamous - flat, wide and irregular in shape
Cuboidal - Same size on all sides, nucleus in the centre
Columnar - Taller than wide, nucleus = oval and located in basal region of the cell

45
Q

How are epithelial tissues named?

A

Cell organization followed by cell shape e.g. Simple squamous

46
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

A

Lining of the blood vessels

Thin barrier allows material to travel short distance

47
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?

A

Lining of some glands

E.g. kidney tubules

48
Q

Where is simple columnar epithelium found?

A

GI

Allows for rapid absorption/secretion

49
Q

Where is stratified squamous epithelium found?

A

Superficial layer skin

50
Q

Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?

A

Ducts of glands e.g. sweat glands

Function in secretion, protection and strengthening

51
Q

Where is stratified columnar epithelium found?

A

Rare - in male urethra

Functions in protection and secretion

52
Q

What are other types of epithelium?

A

Transitional & Pseudostratified

53
Q

What is transitional epithelium?

A

Multiple layers epithelial cells that allow for stretching
Found in bladder
Characterized by dome shaped cells

54
Q

What is pseudostratified epithelium?

A

Single layer of cells that looks like multiple due to organization of the nucleus
Has cilia on outer surface
Found in respiratory tract

55
Q

Which tissue is the most diverse and abundant throughout the body?

A

Connective tissue

Ranges in consistency

56
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A
  1. Support and protection
  2. Structural framework
  3. Metabolic/nutrient exchange
  4. Storage and repair
  5. Defense
57
Q

What 3 things make up connective tissues?

A
  1. Cells
  2. Fibres
  3. Ground substance
58
Q

What are the cells of connective tissue?

A
  1. Mesenchymal
  2. Fibroblasts (permanent)
  3. Macrophage
  4. Adipocyte
59
Q

What are the fibres of connective tissue?

A

3 types secreted by fibroblasts

  1. Collagen
  2. Reticular
  3. Elastic
60
Q

What are the characteristics of collagen fibres?

A

Most common
Flexible
High tensile strength - similar to rope

61
Q

What are the characteristics of reticular fibres?

A

Thin

Form interwoven network with no common alignment

62
Q

What are the characteristics of elastic fibres?

A

Thin & braided
Wavy or curly
Rubber-like material and stretch

63
Q

What is ground substance?

A

Fills space between cells

64
Q

What are the characteristics of ground substance?

A

High water content, transparent, colourless, viscous

65
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue?

A
  1. Connective tissue proper - loose & dense
  2. Supporting connective tissue - bone & cartilage
  3. Specialized fluid - blood & lymph
66
Q

What are the characteristics of loose CT?

A

More ground substance, few fibres

E.g. Adipose

67
Q

What are the characteristics of dense CT?

A

Less ground substance, more fibres

e.g. tendons & ligaments

68
Q

What are the characteristics of lymph?

A

Interstitial fluid collected into lymphatic vesicles

69
Q

What are the characteristics of blood?

A

Fluid = ground substance
Cells = RBC, WBC, platelets
Protein fibres - not visible but help with clotting

70
Q

What is the main unit of bone?

71
Q

What are symptoms of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome?

A

Looseness in tissue b/c lack of collagen

  • Loose skin w/ high elasticity
  • Fragile skin
  • Flexible joints
72
Q

What are the components of cartilage?

A
  1. Cells - mostly chondrocytes
  2. Fibres - collagen/elastic
  3. Ground substance
  4. Perichondrium
  5. Lacunae
73
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

Dense, irregular tissue that envelops cartilage to provide nutrients
Necessary b/c cartilage is avascular

74
Q

What are lacunae?

A

Small spaces that house chondrocytes

75
Q

What are the types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic

76
Q

What are the anatomical characteristics of hyaline cartilage?

A

Wear-resistant
Bear/distribute weight
Strong/rubbery/flexible
Most common

77
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage located?

A

Joint surface of movable joints

Wall of nose, trachea, bronchi and ribs

78
Q

What are the anatomical characteristics of fibrocartilage?

A

Tough and inflexible

Durable/resistant to compression

79
Q

Where is fibrocartilage located?

A

Intervertebral discs

Symphysis pubis

80
Q

What are the anatomical characteristics of elastic cartilage?

A

More flexible than hyaline

81
Q

Where is elastic cartilage located?

A

External ear, eustachian tube, epiglottis

82
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A 
Support
Locomotion 
Protection 
Blood cell production 
Mineral metabolism
83
Q

What is the composition of bone?

A 
1/3 organic 
- Cells
- Fibres 
- Ground substance 
2/3 Inorganic
- Minerals 
- Salts
84
Q

What is the function of the inorganic material?

A

Provide rigidity to bone

Mainly calcium phosphate

85
Q

What is the structural unit of bone composed of?

A

Central haversion canal
- contains blood vessels and nerves
Concentric rings
Bone cells

ANAT100 (2 decks)

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