Module 1 Flashcards
What are the six levels of organisation?
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system and organismal
What are the eleven body systems?
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, endocrine, lymphatic, cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory, nervous, reproductive, urinary
What are the main parts of integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, hypodermis and special sense organs
What system are mammary glands part of?
Both reproductive and integumentary
Where is Vit D produced?
Epidermis of the skin
What is the function of the hypodermis?
Fat storage and attaches skin to deeper layers
What are the functions of the muscular system?
Movement, produces heat, supports skeleton, posture and controls entrances/exits of various systems
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Supports and protects body, provides SA for skeletal muscle to attach, stores minerals, red BM produces RBCs and yellow BM stores fat
What does the pineal gland do?
Regulates day night body rhythms
What does the pituitary gland do?
Ant produces TSH (thyroid), GH (bones and muscle), FSH and LH (gonads), ACTH (adrenal cortex) and prolactin (mammary glands). Post produces ADH (kidneys) and oxytocin (SM in uterus)
What is EPO?
Erythropoietin: hormone produced by kidneys that signals red BM to produce more RBCs
What happens when too much GH is secreted?
Liver produces to much insulin like GH and in kids this means gigantism and in adults this causes acromegaly
What does the spleen do?
Recycles RBCs, acts like a large lymph node, moniters circulation of blood cells and produces immune response
What are tight junctions?
Weblike strands of transmembrane proteins (occludins and claudins) that fuse outer surface of adjacent membranes together
What are the functions of tight junctions?
Electrically tight: prevents movement of ions and proteins through them, allows for different polarities at different ends of cell which allows for different activities. Also acts as selective barrier
What are adherens junctions?
Contain plaque (dense layer of protein) that contains microfilaments and cadherins. Cadherins span the gap between cells and bind to cadherin of adjacent cell. Cadherins are bound to actin by catenins. Conjugation of adherens junctions may form a adhesion belt
What are desmosomes?
Contains plaque with intermediate filaments and cadherins. Cadherins span the gap and bind to cadherins of adjacent cell. Cadherins are bound to keratin which spans from one desmosome to desmosome on other side of cell (for structual integrity)
What are hemidesmosomes?
Anchor epithelia to basement membrane. Integrin transmembrane glycoprotein is attached to intermediate filaments in basal side of epithelia and laminin in basal lamina
What are gap junctions?
6 connexin proteins molecules form tiny fluid filled tunnels called connexons that connect cells. Membranes not fused so there is a gap between cells that allows for small molecules (less than 1kDa) through. Some substances can migrate between cells via connexons and they allow for communication between cells via both electrical and chemical communication
What are the three layers of epithelial cells?
Apical on top, lateral on sides and basal on bottom
What are the 2 parts of basement membrane?
Basal lamina and reticular lamina
What are the functions of the basement membrane?
Supports overlying epithelium, provides surface for ep cells to migrate during growth and healing, restrict passage of large molecules between ep and CT, filtration in kidneys and acts as barrier to malignant melanoma
Where is simple squamous tissue located?
Endothelium of blood vessels, heart and lymph vessels, mesothelium of serous membranes, bowmann’s capsule, alveoli of lungs and eardrums & inside eye
Where is simple cuboidal tissue located?
Surface of ovaries, anterior surface of eye lens, pigmented posterior surface of retina, lines kidney tubules, ducts of glands, secreting portion of thyroid and pancreas
Where is non-ciliated simple columnar tissue found?
Lines gastrointestinal tract, ducts of many glands and gall bladder
Where is ciliated columnar tissue found?
Lines bronchioles, uterine tubes & uterus, sinuses, central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain
Where is ciliated pseudo-stratified tissue found?
Upper airways
Does non ciliated pseudo-stratified tissue contain goblet cells?
Nope
Where is non ciliated pseudo-stratified tissue found?
Larger gland ducts, epididymis, part of male urethra
Where is keratinised stratified squamous tissue found?
Skin
Where is non keratinised stratified squamous tissue found?
Mouth, throat, oesophagus, epiglottis, tongue, anus and vagina
Where is stratified cuboidal tissue found?
Ducts of adult sweat glands, oesophageal glands, part of male urethra
Where is stratified columnar tissue found?
Part of urethra, excretory glands e.g oesophagus, pancreas and salivary, conjunctivita of eye and anus
What are the 2 types of glands?
Endocrine and exocrine
Where might one find a simple tubular gland?
Large intestine
Where might one find a simple branched tubular gland?
Gastric glands
Where might one find a simple coiled gland?
Sweat glands
Where might one find a simple acinar gland?
Glands of penile urethra
Where might one find a simple branched acinar gland?
Sebaceous glands
Where might one find a compound tubular gland?
Bulbourethral glands
Where might one find a compound acinar gland?
Mammary glands
Where might one find a compound tubuloacinar gland?
glands of pancreas
What is CT made of?
ECM + cells
What is ECM made of?
GS + protein fibres
What is GS made of?
Water, proteins and polysaccharides
What is the function of the GS?
Supports cells and binds them together, provides medium of exchange between blood and cells, active role in how tissues develop, migrate, change shape and carry out metabolic functions
What are GAGs?
Glycosaminoglycans
What is the function of GAGs?
Trap water and makes GS more jelly like
What are the 4 GAGs?
Chondroitin sulphate, keratan sulphate, dermatan sulphate and hyluronic acid
How is hyluronic acid different?
It doesn’t bind to core protein to form a proteoglycan
What is the function of hyluronic acid?
Viscous slippery substance that binds cells together, lubricates joints and maintains shape of eyeballs
What is hyluronidase?
Enzyme that breaks down hyluronic acid making the GS more liquid. Used by WBCs, sperm and bacteria
Where do you find chondroitin sulphate?
Bone, cartilage, skin and blood vessles
Where do you find keratan sulphate?
Bone, cartilage and cornea
Where do you find dermatan sulphate?
Skin, tendons, blood vessels and heart valves
What is expothalmus?
Disease where eyes protrude and causes goitre (swelling of thyroid) due to desposition of GAGs and influx of water
What are the 3 types of fibres?
Collagen, reticular and elastic
What are reticular fibres made of?
Collagen coated with glycoprotein. Thinner than collagen fibres
Where would one find reticular fibres?
Walls of blood vessels, adipose tissue, areolar tissue, nerve tissue, smooth muscle tissue, basement membrane, stroma (supporting framework of organs)
What are elastic fibres made of?
Elastin surrounded by glycoprotein fibrillin
What is Marfan’s syndrome?
Dominant mutation in chromosome 15 which is the gene coding for fibrillin. Changes the shape of it so transforming growth factor beta can no longer bind to it making it inactive. People with this disease tend to be tall, long limbed, have abnormal chest cavities and may suffer from weak heart and arterial walls
What are the main cells in CT?
Fibroplasts, apidocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells and leucocytes
What do fibroblasts do?
Present in most CT, can migrate between tissues. Secrete fibres and components of GS
What are fixed macrophages?
Dust cells = in lungs, Kupffer cells = in liver, langerhan’s cells = in skin, and in spleen
