Module 1 Flashcards
To get smart
What are the two primary FLEXOR tracts?
Corticospinal, Rubrospinal
What are the two primary EXTENSOR tracts?
Vestibulospinal, Reticulospinal
All sensory input goes through the thalamus before getting to the cortex EXCEPT FOR _______?
Olfaction
3 Sodium out, 2 Potassium in best describes what?
Sodium Potassium Pump
As the cell gets “less negative” (sodium out) this best describes ________?
depolarization
An adjustment effects this specific mechanoreceptor the most.
Ib
Which mechanoreceptor is most responsible for pain?
IV
Is the patellar reflex checking muscles or ligaments?
checking muscle spindles
Which SENSORY spinal tract is located on the basilar plate (ventral)
Spinothalamic tract
Which MOTOR spinal tract is located on the Dorsal (alar) plate
Corticospinal Tract
The dosal or alar plate is primary sensory or motor?
primarily sensory
The ventral or basilar plate is primary sensor or motor?
primarily motor
Withers in dogs is located where?
T2-T5
Withers in horses is located where?
T3-T8
What is the natural gait for racehorses?
PACE RF RH together LF LH
Which gait requires a video to really see whats going on?
Amble (front foot lifts off .6 seconds before hind)
Ideal gait to make evaluations on?
Trot
Which is the only gait without weight-bearing assistance?
Trot
Herbivores generally have more issues in which tmj compartment?
Dorsal compartment
The dorsal compartment of tmj primarily deals with which type of movement?
Lateral excision
The ventral compartment of tmj primarily deals with which typ of movement?
Flexion and extension (carnivores)
Which CN are most likely to be affected with tmj pathologies?
CN 9, 10, 11, 12
What is stimulated most with an adjustment?
the GTO’s
the nuclei of which CN goes to dorsal horn of C6?
Trigeminal
Area Prostrema
“Puking” - maybe read into this one….
A motion unit is made up of a ____
3 joint complex
When adjusting, we are effecting the caudal motion segment EXCEPT FOR:
OCC cranial, C2 posterior, Atlas Rotation
the parasympathetic ns increases or decreases immune response?
dampens the immune response
Neural Crest cells can become 1____ , 2_____, 3_____, 4 ______, 5_______
DRG, autonomic ganglia, SA/AV node, Melanocytes, Epinephrine producing cells in adrenal medulla.
Prosencephalon forms 1_____ and 2______
Teloncephalon and Diencephalon
Teloncephalon forms….
the Cortex, the lubules and lateral ventricles
Diencephalon forms…
the Thalamus
Which CN is an outpoutch of the thalamus
Nuclei of CN 2 (optic n)
Which reflex is checked via CN 3?
Papillary light reflex
The nuclei of which CN originate in mesencephalon?
Nuclei of CN 3, 4
What is the most cranial parasympathetic CN?
CN 3
Lesion in this CN causes the eye to look up and away
CN 4
Whats the main function of the dorsal oblique
internally rotates and brings eye medial
Which CN is associated with the lateral rectus muscle
CN 6 Abducens
all other extra ocular eye muscles besides lateral rectus and dorsal oblique are associated with which CN?
CN 3
Which CN gives immediate feedback if you are exceeding metabolic rate?
CN 3 (pupillary light reflex)
The edinger westphal nucleus originates in _____?
Mesencephalon
The interomedial lateral column originates in the _____?
edinger westphal nucleus
The Rhombencephalon forms _____
Metencephalon
The metencephalon forms ____ and ____
Pons and Cerebellum
which CN nuclei originate in metencephalon(pons)?
CN 5, 6, 7, 8
What are the muscles of mastication? 1_____ and 2______
Masseter & temporalis (CN 5 V3)
which CN is associated most with muscles of facial expression?
CN 7 Facial N.
anterior 2/3’s of tongue taste sensation involves which CN?
CN 7 Facial
Which of the CN is the LONGEST
CN 10 Vagus “the wanderer”
Which of the CN is mostly associated with action of swallowing food?
CN 9 Glossopharyngeal
Which CN is involved most with tongue movement?
CN 12 Hypoglossal
If tongue is weak and constantly is drooped to the right, where is the nerve damage? left or right?
Right side droop = Right side nerve damage
The palpebral reflex tests the integrity of which CN?
CN 5, 7
The corneal reflex tests the integrity of which CN?
CN V1, CN 7
in general, inflammation produces _____.
Scar-tissue
What does a neuron NEED to survive?
oxygen, glucose, freq of firing of presynaptic pool, neurotrophic factors
Where is the intercapital ligament NOT found?
in first and last rib
AV node is left or right vagus?
LEFT VAGUS
SA node is left or right vagus?
RIGHT VAGUS
Describe “coupled motion”
There cannot be lateral bending without axial rotation and vise versa
What are the Triad of symptoms?
Heat, tenderness, lack of motion
What is the X axis associated with in humans?
Flexion and Extension
What is the X axis associated with in Cats?
Flexion and Extension
What is the Y axis associated with in humans?
Axial ROTATION
What is the Y axis associated with in quadrupeds?
Lateral Bend
What is the Z axis associated with in humans?
Lateral bend
What is the Z axis associated with in horses?
Axial rotation
What are the main components that traverse the IVF?
DRG, spinal nerve, Dura mater, CSF, Adipose tissue, veins and artery, transforaminal lig, recurrent meningeal nerve
Which part of the disc has no innervation and no blood supply?
Nucleus Pulposes
Restriction of motion eventually causes 3 things….
Inflammation, DJD, Instability
what is an example of reflexogenic movement?
Typing, riding a bike
where is there NO IVF?
between C0-C1 and C1-C2
When joints are immobilized the muscles associated with them undergo ______
disuse atrophy
Main goal of a manual chiropractic adjustment?
Impart motion at a magnitude that will be therapeutic… the end result of any adjustment is stimulation of the nervous system (Cortex)
who is given credit for founding the AVCA in 1989?
Dr. Sharon Willoughby
Where is the anticlinal vertebrae in the horse?
T15
Where is the anticlinal vertebrae in the dog?
T11
What is the number 1 sign of nerve damage?
Paresis
What vertebrae has quite large transverse processes just lateral of trachea on dog?
C6
What is the most common SCP for adjusting cervical vertebrae?
Lamina pedicle junction
The cervical facets move in what degree in each plane?
45 in the x,y,z
The “hills” describe the ___ while the “valleys” describe the _____
Hills= Facets , Valleys= Lamina Pedicle Junction
Where are GTO most abundant?
Musculotendinous junction
Primary function of the GTO is…
To measure tension at origin and insertion
The primary stimulation of gamma motor neurons is coming from _____
suprasegmental levels
The primary job of the gamma motor neuron is_____
to stimulate the polar ends which in turn maintains tautness and firing of the annulo spinal ring.
The annulo-sprial rings send afferent (sensory) info to the cord via what fibers?
Type Ia (roman numeral one a)
All sensory information is _______
DIVERGENT
All motoric information is_______
CONVERGENT
All interneurons are ____
inhibitory in nature
flower end spray to the cord via what type fiber?
II (roman numeral 2)
Intrafusal fibers attach here…
polar ends
muscle spindle cells are most commonly located here…
equitorial region of muscle belly
The primary function of the muscle spindle cells is____
measure length
Which type of receptor is everywhere but very thin and NOT myelinated
C Fibers
ALL afferent (sensory) info into the dorsal horn is _____
EXCITATORY
ALL Interneurons are_____
INHIBITORY
Interneurons release neurotransmitters, one of which being ______
GABA (inhibitory)
The GTO fires into the dorsal horn via what type fibers?
Ib (roman numeral one b)
A “stretch and release” increases what?
Muscle spindles and TONE
A “stretch and hold” causes what?
In general, GTO’s to fire and muscles FATIGUE/RELAX
What best describes a “fast stretch”?
The chiropractic adjustment! Stimulates more GTO’s the end! (allows for more ROM)
