Module 1-7 Flashcards
Set of instructions for handling various operations such as
getting input from keyboard, displaying information on screen, and performing various other
jobs.
Machine Language Instructions
Understanding assembly language makes one aware of:
- How programs interface with OS, processor, and BIOS.
- How data is presented in memory and other external devices.
- How the processor accesses and executes instructions.
- How instructions access and process data.
- How a program access external device.
The main internal hardware of a PC consists of:
processor, memory, and registers.
processor components that hold data and address.
Register
To execute a program:
the system copies it from the external device into the internal memory.
Which part executes the program instructions:
Processor
The fundamental unit of a computer storage
Bit
How many bits make a byte
9
How many bits are used for data and how many for parity?
8 for data and 1 for parity.
According to the rule of parity, the number of bits that are ON (1) in each byte should always be ________.
Odd
What causes the system to assume that there had been a parity error (though rare), which
might have been caused due to hardware fault or electrical disturbance.
If the parity is even
Data size of word
2-byte (16 bit)
Data size of Doubleword
4-byte (32 bit)
Data size of Quadword
8-byte (64 bit)
Data size of Paragraph
16-byte (128 bit)
Data size of Kilobyte
1024 bytes
Data size of Megabyte
1,048,576 bytes
Number System that uses base 16.
Hexadecimal Number System
The process through which the processor controls the execution of instructions
Fetch-decode-execute cycle or the execution cycle.
The execution cycle consists of three continuous steps:
Fetching the instructions from memory.
Decoding or identifying the instruction.
Executing the instruction.
The two kinds of memory addresses
Absolute Address & Segment Address
A direct reference of specific location.
Absolute Address
Starting address of a memory segment with the offset
value.
Segment (Offset)
The process of finding and resolving defects or problems within a computer
program that prevent correct operation of computer software or a system.
Debugging
It can act as an assembler, disassembler, or hex pump program allowing users to interactively
examine memory contents (in assembly language, hexadecimal, or ASCII), make changes, and
selectively execute COM, EXE, and other file types.
MS-DOS Debug
In Registers Mnemonics, what does the Accumulator Register Symbolize
AX
In Registers Mnemonics, what does the Base Register Symbolize
BX
In Registers Mnemonics, what does the Count Register Symbolize
CX
In Registers Mnemonics, what does the Data Register Symbolize
DX
In Registers Mnemonics, what does the Source Index Register Symbolize
SI
In Registers Mnemonics, what does the Destination Index Register Symbolize
DI
In Registers Mnemonics, what does the Stack Point Register Symbolize
SP
In Registers Mnemonics, what does the Base Point Register Symbolize
BP
In Registers Mnemonics, what does the Code Segment Register Symbolize
CS
In Registers Mnemonics, what does the Data Segment Register Symbolize
DS
In Registers Mnemonics, what does the Stack Segment Register Symbolize
SS
In Registers Mnemonics, what does the Extra Segment Register Symbolize
ES
In Registers Mnemonics, what does the Flag Register Symbolize
F
What does the flag OF mean
Overflow
What does the flag DF mean
Direction
What does the flag SF mean
Sign
What does the flag IF mean
Interrupt
What does the flag ZF mean
Zero
What does the flag AF mean
Auxiliary Carry
What does the flag PF mean
Parity
What does the flag CF mean
Carry
What does the MOV instruction do?
Transfers a byte or word from source to destination.
An assembly program can be divided into three sections:
The data section.
The bss section.
The text section.
section used for declaring initialized data or constants.
The Data Section
section used for declaring variables.
The bss section
section used for keeping the actual code.
The Text Section
The text section must begin with the declaration _____________, which tells the kernel where the
program execution begins.
global_start
Assembly language comments begins with a __________.
Semicolon (;)
Assembly language programs consists of three types of statements:
Executable instructions or instructions
Assembler directives or pseudo-ops
Macros
Tells the assembler about the various aspects of the assembly process. These are non-executable and do not generate machine language
instructions.
Assembler Directives (Pseudo-Ops)
A text substitution mechanism.
Macros
Divides the system memory into groups of independent segments
referenced by pointers located in the segment registers.
A segmented memory model
It is represented by the ‘.data’ and ‘.bss’ sections.
Data Segment
Section that is used to declare the memory region, where the data elements are stored
for the program. This section cannot be expanded after the data elements are declared, and it remains static throughout the program.
Data Section
A static memory section that contains buffers for data to be declared
later in the program. This buffer memory is zero-filled.
bss Section
It is represented by the ‘.text’ section.
Code Segment
This defines and area in memory that stores the instruction codes.
Code Segment
This segment contains values passed to functions and procedures within the program.
Stack
How many processor registers are in IA-32 architecture.
There are ten 32-bit and six 16-bit processor registers
The Processor registers are grouped into three categories:
General registers
Control registers
Segment registers
The general registers are further divided into the following groups:
Data registers
Pointer registers
Index registers
What are the complete 32-bit data registers?
EAX, EBX, ECX, EDX.
it is used in indexed addressing.
BX
Used in input/output and most arithmetic instructions. For
example, in multiplication operation, one operand is stored in EAX, AX, or AL register according
to the size of the operand.
AX
Stores the loop count in iterative
operations.
CX
