Module 1

Question 1

Function:

Midbrain

Answer 1

• contains areas for auditory and visual reflexes
• has important nuclei for stabilising somatic movement
• relays impulses to two important reflex integration areas

Question 2

Function:

Pons

Answer 2

• Has sleep centre and respiratory centre

- bridge between mid brain, MO, cerebrum, spinal cord and cerebellum

Question 3

Function:

Medulla Oblongata

Answer 3

-has ascending and descending pathways
-also has important integration areas for important reflex such as:
:- respiratory centre
:- cardiac centre
:- vasomotor centre
:- coughing and sneezing
:- vomiting
:- hiccuping
:- swallowing

Question 4

What is the main difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Answer 4

• endocrine gland are ductless, thus they secrete their products (hormones) directly into blood
• exocrine glands have ducts, thus they secrete their products directly into the point of release

Question 5

What is a tropic hormone?

Give examples

Answer 5

A hormone that stimulates the release of another hormone from other endocrine glands.
E.g. FSH, ACTH, LH, TSH, APG inhibiting and releasing hormones

Question 6

Define with example:

Autocrine

Answer 6

• hormones that affect the same cells that release them.

- e.g. WBCs during an infection release a hormone which causes them to divide

Question 7

Define with example: Paracrine

Answer 7

• hormones that affect neighbouring cells

- e.g. GUT cells release hormone histamine which causes local vasodilation

Question 8

Define with example:

Endocrine

Answer 8

• Hormones that affect sites distant from source

- e.g. ACTH from APG stimulates release of hormones from the gonads

Question 9

What is the solubility & M.O.A of:

Protein (glyco), Peptide (poly) and Amino acid derived hormones?

Answer 9

• Solubility: water soluble

- MOA: indirect

Question 10

What is the solubility & M.O.A of:

Steroid derived hormones?

Answer 10

• solubility: lipid soluble

- MOA: direct

Question 11

Which hormones are protein (glyco) derived?

Hint: there are 5

Answer 11

• FSH
• lutenising hormone
• TSH
• GH
• insulin

Question 12

Which hormones are peptide (poly) derived?

Hint: there are 5

Answer 12

• PTH
• ACTH
• glucagon
• ADH
• Calcitonin

Question 13

Which hormones are aa derived?

Hint: there are 2

Answer 13

• Adrenaline
• T3/T4 (But these act as steroid hormones, have solubility in water but act as steroid based hormone (direct method of action))

Question 14

Which hormones are steroid derived?

Hint there are 2

Answer 14

• Aldosterone

- Cortisol

Question 15

What type of control is initiated in the cerebral cortex?

Answer 15

Conscious control–> we are aware of its actions.

Question 16

What type of control is initiated in the brainstem?

Answer 16

Subconscious control, occurs via reflexes or hormones