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Integrated systems > module 1-5 > Flashcards

module 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

Because the capillaries have the smallest radii of any vascular segment, they are the major resistance vessels

A

false

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2
Q

Hypertension in which vessel will selectively damage one kidney ?

A

Renal artery

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3
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

Cardiac output X peripheral resistance

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4
Q

Baroreceptors are located in the carotid sinus and are a type of stretch receptors

A

true
Also in the aortic arch

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5
Q

Pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic

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6
Q

MAP

A

Mean arterial pressure
Diastolic pressure + (systolic- diastolic) /3
Diastolic + pulse pressure/3

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7
Q
A
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8
Q

Relaxes smooth muscle resulting in vasodilation (also reduces myocardial contractility )

A

Calcium channel antagonist

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9
Q

Lack of production of angiotensin I loading to decreased Angiotensin II, peripheral vasodilation and reduction in EFC volume. Aldosterone etc.

A

Renin inhibitor

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10
Q

Blocks action of angiotensin II leading to peripheral vasodilation and suppressing aldosterone release

A

AT receptor antagonist (ARB)

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11
Q

Potassium sparing diuretic reduces ECF volume (renal)

A

Aldosterone antagonist

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12
Q

Promotes diuresis and reduces ECF volume (renal)

A

Thiazide diuretic

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13
Q

Slows heart rate reducing cardiac output

A

Adrenergic selective beta-1 blocker

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14
Q

Acts on hypothalamus resulting in reduction in sympathetic outflow

A

CNS acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonist

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15
Q

Causes peripheral vasodilation

A

Smooth muscle relaxant

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16
Q

Blocks sympathetic peripheral vasoconstriction (sympathetic nerve)

A

Adrenergic selective alpha -1 blocker

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17
Q

Blocks production of angiotensin II leading to peripheral vasodilation and suppressing aldosterone release

A

Angiotensin Converting enzyme ACE inhibitor

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18
Q

Reduces cardiac output and causes peripheral vasodilation (sympathetic nerve terminal )

A

Non- selective beta alpha 1 blocker

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19
Q

With someone with hypertension what effect would be ideal to achieve by providing medication?

A

Making blood pressure lower than 140/90

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20
Q

A classic symptom of HF experiences as a sensation of shortness of breath that awakens the patient, usually relieved by an upright position

A

Paroxysmal nocturnal dysponoea

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21
Q

HFrEF vs HFpEF

A

Reduced or Preserved HF also known as diastolic or systolic HF

22
Q

Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA)

A

Antagonist for aldosterone, It reduces the blood volume and BP

23
Q

SAVR/TAVI (valve replacement)

A

Surgical aortic valve replace or trans catheter aortic valve implantation, methods of valve replacement in patients.

24
Q

Trans-thoracic echocardiogram

A

Important diagnostic test to HF (and other heart diseases) It is non-invasive measurement of the heart pump function:
-volumes
-Valves
-dimensions

25
Q

Plasma B-type natriuretic Peptide (BNP)

A

Released by heart when increased BV/ BP it is used as a diagnostic blood marker for HF

26
Q

BiVACOR (artificial heart)

A

It is an artificial heart, 2-3 years they are not as smooth as the heart and could cause some sort of trauma on the heart and blood.

27
Q

Sodium-glucose co-transport (SGLT2) inhibitors

A

Common treatment med for type 2 diabetic patients, lowers blood glucose and can help prevent development of HF

28
Q

Entresto ARNI ang II receptor neprilysin (breaks down ANP/BNP)

A

Dual drug med for both AT 1(angiotensin 1) receptor block and also inhibits neprilysin (breaks down BNP/ANP). BNP/ANP hang out for longer
-Stop constriction
-promote dilation

29
Q

Digitalis

A

Yields digoxin, an arterial anti arrhythmic and Na+/K + ATP blocker (+inotrope)
-increase HR
-Increase contractility
-anti arrhythmic (restarts the resting membrane potential decreasing arrhythmia)

30
Q

CRT (cardiac resynchronisation therapy)

A

PACE MAKERS!
Uni or biventricular pacing technique to support rate and rhythm in HF patients to prevent more serious arrhythmias.

31
Q

VAD (ventricular assist device)

A

A device that can support pump function of left or right ventricles on HF patients . It is external like a bypass pump usually the Left vertical

32
Q

ICD (implantable cardioverter defibrillator

A

Often combined with a pace maker and ICD allows internal shock of the heart in HF if shockable rhythm detected

33
Q

What is Cor pulmonale

A

The right ventricle remodels as there is an increase in pulmonary pressure, can be a result of obstructive disease in the lungs

34
Q

The skeletal muscle pump opposes the effect of gravity in the venous system

A

True

35
Q

The “failure of success” concept of HF relates to our development of heart failure curing devices and HF specific medications

A

False-
Even there have been different improved treatments there is an prevalence in HF

36
Q

Type 1 respiratory failure
A. May occur with an elevated arterial PCO2
B. May be due to ventilation-perfusion mismatching
C. May result in part from alveolar hypoventilation
D. May occur in the presence of a normal A-a PO2
E.Indicated that the problem is not due to diffusion limitation

A

B. May be due to ventilation-perfusion mismatching

37
Q

In a healthy young person at rest, the value (in mmHg) of mixed venous PCO2
A. Is grated than the arterial PCO2 but less than mixed venous PO2
B. Is less than (arterial PO2- mixed venous PO2)
C. Is grater than half of the arterial PO2
D. Is less than the arterial PCO2
E. Is 25% grated than the mixed venous PO

A

B. Is less than (arterial PO2- mixed venous PO2)

38
Q

In Ficks law of diffusion, we take the square root of
A. The solubility of the diffusing gas
B. The molecular weight of the diffusing gas
C.The surface area of the semi-permeable membrane
D. The thickness of the semi-permeable membrane
E. The pressure gradient for diffusion

A

B. The molecular weight of the diffusing gas
Diffusion capacity (DM) is dependent on A(tissue area)/ T (tissue thickness) (Solubility of the gas/ square root of the molecular weight of the gas) TIMES (P1-P2)

39
Q

4.A person with a minute ventilation of 12 L/min, an alveolar ventilation of 9 L/min and a respiratory frequency of 15 breaths/min, has a dead space volume of
A. 0.15
B. 0.175
C. 0.20L
D. 0.225L
E. 0.25 L

A

MinVentilation =(alveolar space + dead space)X resp rate
(12-9)/15= Dead space
C. 0.20L

40
Q

In the lungs, hypoxia vasoconstriction of arterioles would occur
A. In Areas of high perfusion relative to ventilation
B. In areas of high ventilation relative to perfusion
C. In areas where ventilation and perfusion are well matched
D. Alongside local bronchoconstriciton
E. Never since hypoxia causes vasodilation in the lungs

A

A. In Areas of high perfusion relative to ventilation

41
Q
  1. PACO2
    A. Stands for the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood
    B. Would increase at altitude in response to the fall in PACO2
    C. Is proportional to alveolar ventilation and inversely proportional to CO2 production
    D. Is grater than mixed venous PCO2
    E. Would increase if dead space increased in the absence of changes in tidal volume and respiratory frequency
A

E. Would increase if dead space increased in the absence of changes in tidal volume and respiratory frequency

42
Q

Which of the following expression is correct ?

A. Pulmonary ventilation= Minute ventilation- Dead space ventilation
B. Dead space ventilation= Alveolar ventilation -pulmonary ventilation
C. Minute Ventilation= the volume of air inspired + the volume of air expired each minute
D. Dead space ventilation= dead space volume X respiratory frequency
E. Alveolar ventilation = Pulmonary ventilation -dead space

A

D. Dead space ventilation= dead space volume X respiratory frequency

43
Q

Blood perfusing a region of lung with low compliance (compared with healthy lung tissue) would have:
A. Low PO2 and low PCO2
B.Low PO2 and normal PCO2
C. A low PO2 and high PCO2
D A high PO2 and low PCO2
E. A high PO2 and high PCO2

A

C. A low PO2 and high PCO2

44
Q

Blood with PO2 of 40 mmHg (normal PCO2 & pH) would have an O2 saturation of:
A. 30%
B.45%
C. 60%
D.75%
E. 90%

A

D.75%
In systemic tissues there is a Partial O2 pressure of 40 mmHg

45
Q

Type 2 Respiratory failure
A. Is associated with alveolar hypoventilation
B. Confirms severe ventilation perfusion mis-matching
c. Is consistent with “diffusion block” at the alveolar-capillary exchange site
D. Is less severe than type 1
E. Can be reversed by administrating supplemental O2 therapy

A

A. Is associated with alveolar hypoventilation

46
Q

Which of the following would be less likely to lead to respiratory failure:

A. Renal failure
B. Heart failure
C. Stroke
D. Motor neurone disease
E. Drug overdose

A

A. Renal failure

47
Q

A-a PO2 gradient
A. Is increased with alveolar hypoventilation but not diffusion block
B. Is increased with ventilation perfusion mismatching but not diffusion block
C. Is increased with diffusion block but not ventilation perfusion mismatching
D. Is increased with diffusion block, ventilation perfusion mismatching and alveolar hypoventilation
E. Is increased with ventilation perfusion mismatching but not alveolar hypoventilation

A

E. Is increased with ventilation perfusion mismatching but not alveolar hypoventilation

48
Q

With healthy aging
A. Arterial PO2 decreases and arterial PCO2 doesn’t change
B. Arterial PO2 decreases and arterial PCO2 increases
C. Arterial PCO2 increases and arterial PO2 doesn’t change
D. Arterial PCO2 increases and arterial PO2 doesn’t change
E. A-a PO2 increases because Alveolar PO2 increases

A

A. Arterial PO2 decreases and arterial PCO2 doesn’t change

49
Q

Cachexia means:
A. blue colouration in the skin
B. Loss of consciousness
C. Laboured breathing
D. Severe fatigue
E. Weight loss due to chronic illness

A

E. Weight loss due to chronic illness

50
Q

A person with Type 2 respiratory failure has
A. Respiratory acidosis and always a low arterial pH
B. Respiratory acidosis and always a high arterial pH
C. Respiratory acidosis and may have a normal arterial pH
D. Respiratory alkalosis and always a high arteria pH
E. Respiratory alkalosis An always a low arterial pH

A

C. Respiratory acidosis and may have a normal arterial pH

Integrated systems (1 decks)

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