Module 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the anatomy in the nervous system?
A
Soma
axon
dendrites
axon terminal
2
Q
What is a Neuroglial/glial cell?
A
“nerve glue”
3
Q
What is Astroglia function
A
CT of the CNS fxn to fill space btwn neuron and BV in CNS "scar forming cells" component of BBB talk to neighboring cells
4
Q
What are Oligodendroglia
A
myelinate neurons in CNS
in CNS they myelinate MULTIPLE neurons (axons)
5
Q
Ependymoglia?
fxn?
A
Line ventricles, central canal of the spinal cord, choroid plexus
fxn: secretory, absorptive and circulatory role
secrete CSF
w/cilia for flow
6
Q
What are microglia?
A
Remove degenerative debris of CNS via phagocytosis (clean up)
7
Q
What are schwann cells?
A
Theyre in the PNS
myelinate 1 single neuron in PNS
provide CT support, myelinate, and have phagocytic role (immune health)
8
Q
What are the parts of the CNS?
A
Brain and spinal cord
9
Q
What are the parts of the brain?
A
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
10
Q
What is the Telencephalon?
A
Part of the Forebrain
consists of frontal + parietal lobes
11
Q
What is the diencephalon?
A
part of the forebrain
consist of hypothalmus and thalmus
12
Q
What are the parts of the hindbrain?
A
cerebellum
pons
medulla oblongata
13
Q
What are the pathways of the SC?
A
motor and sensory
14
Q
what are the meninges in the SC?
A
Dura
Arachnoid
Pia
15
Q
What are the parts of the PNS
A
Cranial nerves
spinal nerves
16
Q
What are the parts of the ANS?
A
sympathetic
parasympathetic
enteric nervous system of gi
17
Q
Gyri
A
ridges/fold of cortex
18
Q
sulci
A
grooves between the gyri
19
Q
fissure
A
large deep sulci
20
Q
white matter
A
myelinated nerve fibers that communicate between regions of CNS
21
Q
Fasciculus?
A
bundle or tracts of fibers
22
Q
Commisures?
A
transverse connections between right/left hemispheres
23
Q
Projection fibers
fxn
A
connect cortex with lower portions of CNS
Afferent to cortex
Efferent from cortex
24
Q
Association fibers?
A
connections between regions of the CNS w/in the cortex
ex btwn sensory and motor regions
25
Gray Matter
contains cell bodies and neurons
| Columnar arrangement of cortex
26
Fxn of gyri and sulci
increase the surface area
27
What are the lobes?
```
frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
insular
limbic
```
28
Broadmann's is:
"mapping the cortex"
| system identifying fxnal regions of cortex
29
Primary area:
"raw" individual
primary motor output
primary sensory input
30
Secondary areas:
give meaning to primary secondary area
31
Association area of broadmanns
integrates sensory, memory input with prefrontal/motor areas to provide meaningful perceptual experience
unimodal and multimodal
32
What are the # of the frontal lobe?
```
4
6
8
44-45
9-12, 46, 47
```
33
What is area 4?
Primary Motor area (pre-central gyrus)
| somatotropic organization--homunculus
34
Fxn Area 4?
Frontal.
contralateral voluntary movement
homunculus arrangement
35
Lesion to area 4?
Contralateral hemiparesis/hemiplegia
paresis=partial motor loss, plegia=complete loss
36
Area 6
Frontal.
| pre-motor area (pre central gyrus/sulcus and some superior frontal gyrus)
37
Fxn Area 6
Frontal.
prepare and select primary motor area for execution of voluntary movement
"prep motor area... plan sequence"
38
Lesion to Area 6
inability to plan, sequence, perform purposeful movement
| contralateral apraxia of involved regions
39
Apraxia
inability to execute learned purposeful voluntary movement
result of lesion to motor association areas of frontal lobe or sensory input from parietal association areas
numerous types of apraxia depending on the cause or movement affected
40
Note Apraxia vs Ataxia
| what is ataxia
Ataxia is uncoordinated of learned voluntary movement
41
Gait Apraxia
diminished ability to perform learned movement of walking/standing
42
Construction apraxia
inability to draw, construct or copy geometric figures
| lesion in non-dominany parietal and frontal lobea
43
Sensory Apraxia
inability to formulate the ideational plan for executing the multiple steps of purposeful voluntary movement
44
Ideomotor apraxia
inability to perform a task when asked
| ie comb hair
45
Area 8 is?
Frontal.
| Frontal eye field (middle frontal gyrus)
46
function of area 8
conjugate gaze to opposite direction
47
lesion to area 8
| destructive + irritative
destructive lesion: eye deviates TOWARD side of lesion
irritative lesion (seizure): eye deviates AWAY from the lesion( hyperactive of normal)
48
What is a neuron?
Primary communication/information cell type of nervous system
49
Area 44, 45 in the ___lobe
Frontal.
50
Dominant function of Area 44,45
Broca's speech area- dominant only
fxn: motor production of language (speech, writing, singing)
serves as a pre-programmer to motor cortex
51
Lesion to Dominant 44,45
```
Broca aphasia (expressive aphasia, motor aphasia or non-fluent aphasia)
"can comprehend language but can't speak"
```
52
Aphasia
acquired impairment of the comprehension/production of language
can be sensory, motor or both
impairment of any language modality (sensory motor both)
53
Dysarthria
difficulty of motor control to tongue/mouth to produce speech
54
Dysphagia
difficulty with motor function of swallowing
55
Non Dominant hemisphere 44,45 function
production of the normal pitch, rhythm and variation of stress/tone in speech
"musical aspects of speech"
56
Non dominant 44,45 damage
Motor dysphagia- difficulty of speech in producing the normal pitch, rhythm and variation of stress/tone in speech
Prosody: fluctuations in tone, melody, timing, pauses, stresses, intensity, vocal quality and accents of speech
57
Area 9-12, 46,47 is the
PreFRONTAL area (higher order intellectual action/function
58
Function of 10-12
"classic" prefrontal area
social behavior- appropriate vs inappropriate
motivation and ability to focus-attention
emotion/personality
motor inhibition/planning
59
Area 9,46,47 fuction
"classic" motor association area
-planning and behavior component of motor fxn
-integrates sensory info with motor planning, organization and regulating
decide which voluntary movements to make according to higher order instruction, rules and self-generated thoughts
60
Lesion of area 10-12
apathy, inappropriate social behavior/emotions
perservation (persist on a single topic)
poor focus on a task (need simple, consistent distractions)
"change in personality"
61
Lesion of 9,46,47
(contralateral) motor apraxia (decrease purposeful movement)
impaired motor planning
impaired behavioral inhibition
impaired motor inhibition
62
Akinetic Mutism
bilateral frontal lobe lesion
conscious alert pt who retains ability to move/speak but fails to do so
-damaged pathways inhibit motivation/increase apathy cause passiveness to interact or respond
63
Akinesia
lack of movement
64
Mutism
lack of speech
65
Perservation
persist on single topic
66
Apathy
lack of interest, indifference
67
Parietal lobe areas
3,1,2
5,7
39,40
68
Area 3,1,2 fxn
somatosensory area
fxn: detection of incoming somatosensory sensation from body/periphery
homunculus arrangement
69
Lesion to 3,1,2
contralateral somatosensory loss
| contralateral "anesthesia"-loss of sensation
70
Anesthesia
loss of sensation
71
Area 5,7 fxn
somatosensory association area
- interprets or gives meaning to somatic sensory input
- abilty to recognize "car keys in my left hand"
72
Area 5,7 lesion
somatosensory agnosia, ,asteroagnosia, agraphesthesia
NON DOMINANT hemisphere lesion- anosagnosia (neglect)
may contribute to sensory component of apraxia
73
Agnosia
loss of sensory interpretation
loss of ability to recognize object, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells with sensation and memory still intact
agnosia can result in damage to association area of a specific sensory input (visual, auditory, somatosensory)
74
Anosagnosia (neglect)
ignorance of the presence of disease
non dominant parietal lobe damage (associative areas)
classic clinical finding in right hemisphere stroke
inability to gain feedback about one's own condition
75
Asteroagnosia (stereoanesthesia)
```
tactile amnesia (tactile agnosia)
inability to judge the form of an object by touch
```
76
Agraphesthesia (cutaneous kinesthesia)
difficulty recognizing a familiar form (number/letter) traced on the area of skin (back, palm etc)
77
Area 39, 40 is in the ___ lobe
Parietal
78
Area 39,40
| Dominant hemisphere fxn
somatosensory association area related to language
sometimes referenced as part of posterior Wernicke's area
Fxn: multimodal junction box of language, mathematics and cognition
- visual, auditory, somatic sensory gets processed
- plays role in interpretation of language, math, cognition
- sends to frontal lobe for "action
79
Lesion to Dominant 39,40
Gerstmann's syndrome
-calculations, right-left confusion (dyslexia), finger agnosia, agraphia
may result in Wernicke's (sensory) aphasia (see area 22)
80
Non dominant 39,40 fxn
interpretation of the normal pitch, rhythm and variation of stress/tone in speech "muscial aspects of speech"
81
Lesion to 39,40 Non Dominant
Sensory dysprosodia
-difficulty of speech in interpreting the normal pitch, rhythm and variation of stress/tone in speech "musical aspects" "emotional language"
82
Dyslexia
impairment or difficulty with fluency or comprehension accuracy in the ability to read (also may impair writing, phonics)
right-left disorientation
83
Agraphia
inability to write
graph
84
Acalculia
arithmetic deficits
calc
85
Finger agnosia
inability to distinguish between fingers
86
Areas of the Temporal lobe
41, 42, 22
87
Area 41
| fxn
primary auditory center
| detects sound
88
Area 41 lesion
deafness if bilateral damage
89
Area 42
| fxn
auditory association area
| interpret sound, gives it meaning
90
Area 42 lesion
auditory agnosia
- inability to interpret the significance of sound
- able to hear but can't distinguish from "sound" or "language"
- bilateral temporal lobe lesion
91
Area 22
| dominant fxan
association area for language
| fxn: comprehension of language (auditory-spoken word)
92
Area 22
| Lesion to dominant
Wernicke's aphasia (receptive, fluent, sensory aphasia)
- can't comprehend but can speak
- sentences spontaneous with constant errors
- "word salad" speaking a lot of words that don't make sense
93
Non Dominant area 22 fxn
interpretation of normal pitch, rhythm and variations of stress/tone in speech
"musical aspect"
"emotion of language"
94
Lesion to area 22 non dominant
sensory dysprosodia:
- difficulty in speech in interpreting the normal pitch, rhythm, variation of stress/tone in speech
- inability to comprehend emotion
95
What are other functions of the temporal lobe?
Where is the limbic lobe in relation to the temporal?
Temporal + limbic are involved in complex aspects of learning and memory
- limbic is "deep" to temporal
- includes visual memory- recognize
96
What temporal lobes play a significant role in creating long-term memory/learning?
What Else to they do?
Inferior, medial
transition short term to long term memory
97
Amnesia
loss of memory
98
Anterograde amnesia
loss of ability to memorize new things after "injury"
99
Retrograde amneisa
can't recall events prior to injury
| this sounds like 50 first dates- a "retro" movie?
100
dissociative
(fugue state)
| psychological trauma, usually temporary
101
Repressed amnesia
unable to recall information (often traumatic)
102
Whats your explicit memory?
conscious and purposeful recall of previous experiences and information
(dates, facts, times, places)
103
Episodic memory
specific recall of the events in a person's life
| evidence to suggest associated with non-dominant hemisphere
104
Semantic memory
recall factual knowledge of history/people
recognize people
academic information
evidence to suggest associated with dominant hemisphere
105
Parts of Explicit Memory
(declarative memory)
| = Episodic + semantic
106
Implicity Memory
memory/recall of previous experiences will unconsciously influence current task w/o conscious awareness
truths from non-facts... hear a myth 45x, so it must be true
107
Occipital Lobe Areas
17
| 18,19
108
Area 17
| fxn
primary visual area
-detects visual input
109
Lesion area 17
blindness
110
Area 18,19 fxn
visual association area
-interpret or give meaning to visual input
111
Lesion to Area 18,19
visual agnosia, prospagnosia, color agnosia, alexia
112
Visual Agnosia
inability to recognize and object by sight
113
Prosopagnosia
difficulty recognizing familiar faces
114
Color agnosia
inability to recognize colors
115
Alexia
inability to understand written/printed words
116
Dominant hemisphere function
contralateral motor and somatosensory
interpret and produce language- speech, grammar, syntax, semantics, writing
analysis, logical reasoning, calculations
117
Lesions of Dominant Hemisphere
expected loss of motor/somatosensory function
aphasia- difficulty interpreting or producing language (dysphagia)
-receptive, motor or both
unable to calculate, reason, problem solve/analyze
118
Non Dominant hemisphere
| functions
contralateral motor and somatosensory function
spatial attention
music, drawing, creativity
memory of visual, auditory and physical events
119
Lesion of Non dominant hemisphere
Language deficits
disorganization/disorientation to immediate movement or environment
neglect (anosagnosia)
120
Explain the lesion: language deficits
non-dominant hemisphere
able to interpret/produce language but unable to interpret or produce intonation, rhythm, timing etc
121
Explain the lesion: disorganization/diorientation
Non-dominant hemisphere
unble to recall date, time, place
difficulty following directions
construction apraxia (inabilty to draw objects)
propagnosia (loss of visual or sensory association areas)
122
Explain the lesion: Neglect
non dominant hemisphere
often called "left sided neglect"
| technically anodagnosia =patient unaware of the condition
