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Linguistics 201 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Linguistics? And give some detail

A

The study of language (scientifically).
How it is used
How it is acquired
How it is represented in the brain

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2
Q

What are the five main branches of Linguistics?

A 
Phonetics
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
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3
Q

what is the difference between language and Language?

A

languages: English, French etc
Language: the mental capacity of humans to understand a language

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4
Q

Do we learn language / grammar? And who answered this question?

A

Not really. Noam Chomsky said this.

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5
Q

What is UG?

A

Universal Grammar and it is innate

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6
Q

Does language acquisition occur automatically?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What does Language being innate mean?

A

Means the human mind has a mental capacity not a specific language

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8
Q

How are humans physically equipped for speech?

A

VIA our articulatory apparatus, which is biologically adapted to produce speech

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9
Q

What does the Vocal Tract consist of?

A

Pharynx
Oral cavity
Nasal cavity

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10
Q

Describe the Larynx

A

its the sound source (vocal folds are within the larynx)

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11
Q

Name the order of filters in the vocal tract (first second third)

A

Pharynx
Oral cavity
Nasal cavity

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12
Q

Draw the vocal tract cross section

A

damnit.

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13
Q

there are areas in the brain specialized for different what? And what are they?

A

linguistic functions.
Left hemi
Right hemisphere

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14
Q

The LEFT hemisphere, a specialized area in the brain, is responsible for what?

A

Language, reasoning, math, logic

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15
Q

The RIGHT hemisphere, a specialized area in the brain , is responsible for what?

A

Pattern matching, spatial abilities, process music (non-linguistic sound)

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16
Q

What is aphasia?

A

An acquired language disorder via brain dmg (ie:stroke)

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17
Q

Name two examples of Aphasia.

A

Broca’s Aphasia

Wernicke’s Aphasia

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18
Q

Describe Broca’s Aphasia and give an example

A

When non-fluent speech

IE: Tell me about this cookie? uh…uh… boy…cook…. cookie….took…uhh.uuh … cookie

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19
Q

Describe Wernicke’s Aphasia and give an exmaple

A

Non-sensical/meaningless speech.

IE: I know it’s you couldn’t say it’s … I couldn’t say what it is.

20
Q

Language as an instinct can also be said as, Language is…

A

Biologically predetermined

21
Q

How are humans biologically predetermined for language?

A

physically (articulatory apparatus)

Specialized areas in the brain for different linguistic functions

22
Q

what is the job of a linguist?

A

to explain how the similarities and differences arise among different language

23
Q

What does it mean to know a language?

A

to be able to produce and understand language - use it creatively and to recognize the not acceptable

24
Q

What is created In English, when a wh-word is moved to the front of the sentence

A

a wh-question

25
Q

Not being taught that there is a lot to each rule in the English is the effect of what?

A

The effect of UG on English syntax

26
Q

What is Syntax?

A

The ways in which words are combined into sentences

27
Q

Can attaching un to any verb have the same effect? and what meaning does happen when you do?

A

No it cannot
the un sometimes makes the verb have a meaning of reversing
IE: unzip
unclose

28
Q

What is Phonology?

A

How sounds pattern together

29
Q

What’s an example of Phonology

A

Knowing Blick and Bluck are not words but Black and Block are words

30
Q

What is an entailment?

A

the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one requires the truth of the other

31
Q

Define Phonetics

A

Knowledge of speech and sound. Ex: n vs. x as a first sound - exist vs. doesn’t exist (not taught)

32
Q

Define Phonology

A

the knowledge about sound patterns

33
Q

Define Morphology

A

Knowledge about word structure

IE: un-tied vs. un-opened

34
Q

Define Syntax

A

Knowledge about sentence patterns

35
Q

Define semantics

A

knowledge about sentence meaning

36
Q

Define Prescriptive Grammar

A

a set of rules that prescribe how people should speak and write (proper English) (Explicit Knowledge)

37
Q

Define Descriptive Grammar

A

A set of rules that describe how people actually do speak (Implicit knowledge)

38
Q

What does descriptive grammar underlie?

A

the subconscious knowledge (competence) of native speakers and it is IMPLICITLY acquired

39
Q

what are four things that prescriptive grammar / rule follows

A

need to consciously know it
must be told the rue to obey it
constitutes explicit knowledge
may choose not to obey it

40
Q

what are three things that descriptive grammar / rule follows

A

Ppl are not aware of this process; happens automatically
Generally not able to disobey
Able to observe, describe and explain this process

41
Q

Are you allowed to split infinitives?

A

No
Ie: to boldly go - Wrong
To go boldly - Correct

42
Q

are you allowed to end a sentence with a preposition? But are there exceptions?

A

No and yes there are exceptions
ie: This is something you should go to - WRONG

This is something to which you should go - CORRECT
What’s the world coming to? EXCEPTION

43
Q

Name three points about prescriptive grammar rules

A

Speakers must be told / taught these rules
Speakers may choose to disobey them
Obeying the rules can be inappropriate in certain social contexts

44
Q

Are speakers aware of descriptive rules?

A

No. Ppl know them intuitively. Not part of explicit (conscious) knowledge but rather implicit (subconscious) knowledge (competence)

45
Q

What do linguists do?

A

goal is to describe the rules that make language the way it is and discover what aspects of UG allow us to speak this way

46
Q

Do linguists prescribe what patterns in language should be like? if not what do they do?

A

No they do not. They describe and explain the patterns observed in lanugage

47
Q

How do linguists go about uncovering the structure of language?

A

Scientific method

Confirm a hypothesis

Linguistics 201 (1 decks)

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