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PHAR 100 > MODULE 1-3 > Flashcards

MODULE 1-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Whar discoveries were made by ancient greece?

A

Opium. isolated crystals of morphine used as pain relief meds.

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2
Q

What discovery was made by ancient egypt?

A

Papyri. found in purgatives: drugs for bowel movements.

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3
Q

What discovery was made by ancient china?

A

Ma Huong, a medium drug used for coughs, influenza and fevers.

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4
Q

What is curare?

A

An old poison used as an anesthetic during surgery.

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5
Q

What is ergotamine?

A

An old poison used to treat migranes.

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6
Q

What is eronovine?

A

an old poison used to stop uterine bleeding after child birth.

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7
Q

What is a drug?

A

Any substance received by a biological system not received for nutritional purposes that influences the biological functions of an organism.

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8
Q

What was Paul Ehrlichs discovery?

A

Complexes of arsenic that lead to the cure of syphilis.

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9
Q

what did Selman Waksman discover?

A

Discovered streptomycin which was used to treat gram negative bacterial deseases.

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9
Q

What was Gerhads discovery?

A

introduces sulfa drugs: synthetic drugs used to treat bacterial desease. Now known as antibacterial compounds.

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9
Q

Alexander flemings discovery:

A

The first antibiotic: penicillin

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10
Q

Before a clinical trial can begin what are the three main steps required before proceeding?

A

1) Proof of safety
2) Methodology
3) Investigation

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10
Q

What is the investigation in pre-clinical trials

A

Scientist must be satisfied by the clinical trials before they may begin

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10
Q

In pre-clinical studies what are pharmacology studies?

A

Determining the detailed mechanism of action for the new drug

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10
Q

What is methodology?

A

Methodology is the meathod on how the clinical trials will be conducted

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10
Q

What are the steps of drug development?

A

1) Drug discovery: Basic research and preclinical trials.
2) Clinical Trials: Phase I,II,III
- Patient enrolled study
3) Health Canada review and manufacturing
4) Post market surveillance/phase IV clinical trials.

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10
Q

In pre-clinical studies what are toxicology studies?

A

determining the potential risks and harmful effects of the drug.

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the phase 1 clinical trial?

A

evaluate the absorption, distribution, elimination, and unfavourable effects of the drug.

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11
Q

What is treatment allocation: the double blind design?

A

In this design both the patients and the researchers are aware of whom the treatment was assigned to.

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11
Q

what is enrolment

A

selecting the target population for the drug.

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the phase 3 clinical trial?

A

Randomized control trials to determine how safe and effective the drug is compared to a placebo.

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the phase 2 clinical trial?

A

testing if the drug effectively treats the condition its designed for

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13
Q

What is treatment allocation: randomization?

A

Patients are assigned treatment or placebo randomly, typically by a computer program

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13
Q

What is the treatment allocation: control?

A

A group of the study are given a placebo or the gold standard drug to test the effectiveness of the new drug.

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14
What are the 3 parts of the results?
1. Quality of life 2. Compliance 3. Statistics
15
What is the difference between generic and name brand?
Generic name: typically the chemical compound in the drug has to complex of a name so a generic name brand is used instead. Ex: ibuprofen Brand name: A brand name for the drug is typically patented for 20 years. Ex. Advil
16
What is bioequivilance?
Generic versions of the brand name drug with the same lead compound and dosage that is equally as effective as the original.
17
What is the phase 4 clinical trial?
The phase 4 clinical trial is also known as the post-market surveillance. It shows delayed risks of the drug that may not have been noticed in the clinical trials.
18
What is efficacy?
Efficacy is the maximum pharmacological response that can be produced by a drug in that biological system.
19
What is hypertension?
High blood pressure
20
What are comorbidites?
One or more conditions present in addition to the primary condition
21
What are the three drug targets?
1. Receptors 2. Chemical reactions 3. Physical chemical forces
22
What are agonists?
Drugs that bind to stimulate a receptor
23
What are antagonists?
Drugs that bind to bloc at a receptor
24
What is a ligand?
A chemical that binds to a receptor
25
What is the dose-response relationship?
A relationship explaining how as one increases the dosage of a drug the effects produces also increase.
26
What is a threshold in terms of drug response?
The number of receptors needed to be activated in order for desired response to be seen.
27
What are therapeutic doses?
Once the threshold has been reached a small increase can lead to large response
28
What is maximal effect?
In our bodies there is a maximal effect where no matter how much we increase the dose the drug will have no more increase in the therapeutic response.
29
What is a dose response curve?
A graphical representation of how much drug you need in the body to see a specific effect.
30
What is the ED50?
The dose of drug that will result in 50% of the maximal effect.
31
What is potency?
The dose of a drug that is required to produce a response of a certain magnitude.
32
What is pharmacokinetics?
Refers to the movement of a drug into, through, and out of the body
33
What are the 4 processes of pharmacokinetics called?
ADME
34
What are topical routes of absorbtion?
Refers to drugs that are applied directly to a particular place on the body (ex: the skin, inhalation, etc)
35
What does ADME stand for?
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
36
What are enteral routes of absorbtion?
Refers to administration through the GI tract (ex: oraly, rectum, sublingual, and buccal)
37
What are parenteral routes of absorption?
They bypass the GI tract (ex: intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous)
38
What is transdermal drug delivery?
the application of a drug to the skin for absorption into the general circulation (ex. nicotine patches)
39
What is intravenous administration?
an IV, placed directly into the bloodstream producing immediate effects.
40
What is subcutaneous administration?
The drug is injected into the deepest layer of skin.
41
What is absorbtion?
the movement of a drug from the site of administration into the blood,
42
What is distribution?
The movement of a drug from the blood to the sight of action and other tissues
43
What is termination of effect?
the drug has been terminated from the blood into muscle and fat so there are no longer effects but the drug is yet to be removed from the body.
44
What is metabolism?
Metabolism/biotransformation is the conversion of the drug into another chemical compound so it can be removed from the body.
45
In biotransformation what is P450?
P450 are enzymes capable of biotransforming drugs mostly located in the liver.
46
What is phase 1 of biotransformation?
To add/unmask a functional group on the drug to prepare it for phase 2
47
What is phase 2 of biotransformation?
The addition of a large water-soluble moiety usually glucuronic acid or sulphate to the product
48
Why are water soluble compounds added during phase 2 of biotransformation?
The metabolites are made water-soluble so that they can be excreted by the kidney
49
Where are drugs excreted by the GI tract biotransformed?
The liver
50
What is the half-life of a drug?
The time needed for the liver and kidney to remove half of the drug from the body
51
What are adverse effects of drugs?
Effects caused by the drug that are not the intended effect
52
When does the extension of therapeutic effect happen?
When there is too much of the drug in the bloodstream. Typically what happens during an overdose
53
What is withdrawal and addiction?
Unwanted physiological and psychological effects of a drug.
54
What is teratogenesis?
When a drug produces defects in a developing fetus
55
What is detectability in animals?
Effects not seen in animals and only discovered when tested on humans
56
How is drug toxicity assesed?
it is assessed using a measure called the therapeutic index
56
What is the therapeutic index formula?
TI = TD50/ED50
57
What is TD50?
the dose of drug that is toxic in 50% of the population
58
What is ED50?
The dose of drug that is effective in 50% of the population.
59
What are drug-drug interactions?
occurs when one drug changes the pharmacological effect of a second drug
60

PHAR 100 (1 decks)

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