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PHAR 100 > MODULE 1-3 > Flashcards

MODULE 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

Whar discoveries were made by ancient greece?

A

Opium. isolated crystals of morphine used as pain relief meds.

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2
Q

What discovery was made by ancient egypt?

A

Papyri. found in purgatives: drugs for bowel movements.

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3
Q

What discovery was made by ancient china?

A

Ma Huong, a medium drug used for coughs, influenza and fevers.

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4
Q

What is curare?

A

An old poison used as an anesthetic during surgery.

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5
Q

What is ergotamine?

A

An old poison used to treat migranes.

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6
Q

What is eronovine?

A

an old poison used to stop uterine bleeding after child birth.

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7
Q

What is a drug?

A

Any substance received by a biological system not received for nutritional purposes that influences the biological functions of an organism.

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8
Q

What was Paul Ehrlichs discovery?

A

Complexes of arsenic that lead to the cure of syphilis.

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9
Q

what did Selman Waksman discover?

A

Discovered streptomycin which was used to treat gram negative bacterial deseases.

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9
Q

What was Gerhads discovery?

A

introduces sulfa drugs: synthetic drugs used to treat bacterial desease. Now known as antibacterial compounds.

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9
Q

Alexander flemings discovery:

A

The first antibiotic: penicillin

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10
Q

Before a clinical trial can begin what are the three main steps required before proceeding?

A

1) Proof of safety
2) Methodology
3) Investigation

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10
Q

What is the investigation in pre-clinical trials

A

Scientist must be satisfied by the clinical trials before they may begin

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10
Q

In pre-clinical studies what are pharmacology studies?

A

Determining the detailed mechanism of action for the new drug

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10
Q

What is methodology?

A

Methodology is the meathod on how the clinical trials will be conducted

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10
Q

What are the steps of drug development?

A

1) Drug discovery: Basic research and preclinical trials.
2) Clinical Trials: Phase I,II,III
- Patient enrolled study
3) Health Canada review and manufacturing
4) Post market surveillance/phase IV clinical trials.

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10
Q

In pre-clinical studies what are toxicology studies?

A

determining the potential risks and harmful effects of the drug.

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the phase 1 clinical trial?

A

evaluate the absorption, distribution, elimination, and unfavourable effects of the drug.

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11
Q

What is treatment allocation: the double blind design?

A

In this design both the patients and the researchers are aware of whom the treatment was assigned to.

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11
Q

what is enrolment

A

selecting the target population for the drug.

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the phase 3 clinical trial?

A

Randomized control trials to determine how safe and effective the drug is compared to a placebo.

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the phase 2 clinical trial?

A

testing if the drug effectively treats the condition its designed for

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13
Q

What is treatment allocation: randomization?

A

Patients are assigned treatment or placebo randomly, typically by a computer program

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13
Q

What is the treatment allocation: control?

A

A group of the study are given a placebo or the gold standard drug to test the effectiveness of the new drug.

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14
Q

What are the 3 parts of the results?

A
  1. Quality of life
  2. Compliance
  3. Statistics
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15
Q

What is the difference between generic and name brand?

A

Generic name: typically the chemical compound in the drug has to complex of a name so a generic name brand is used instead. Ex: ibuprofen
Brand name: A brand name for the drug is typically patented for 20 years. Ex. Advil

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16
Q

What is bioequivilance?

A

Generic versions of the brand name drug with the same lead compound and dosage that is equally as effective as the original.

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17
Q

What is the phase 4 clinical trial?

A

The phase 4 clinical trial is also known as the post-market surveillance. It shows delayed risks of the drug that may not have been noticed in the clinical trials.

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18
Q

What is efficacy?

A

Efficacy is the maximum pharmacological response that can be produced by a drug in that biological system.

19
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High blood pressure

20
Q

What are comorbidites?

A

One or more conditions present in addition to the primary condition

21
Q

What are the three drug targets?

A
  1. Receptors
  2. Chemical reactions
  3. Physical chemical forces
22
Q

What are agonists?

A

Drugs that bind to stimulate a receptor

23
Q

What are antagonists?

A

Drugs that bind to bloc at a receptor

24
Q

What is a ligand?

A

A chemical that binds to a receptor

25
Q

What is the dose-response relationship?

A

A relationship explaining how as one increases the dosage of a drug the effects produces also increase.

26
Q

What is a threshold in terms of drug response?

A

The number of receptors needed to be activated in order for desired response to be seen.

27
Q

What are therapeutic doses?

A

Once the threshold has been reached a small increase can lead to large response

28
Q

What is maximal effect?

A

In our bodies there is a maximal effect where no matter how much we increase the dose the drug will have no more increase in the therapeutic response.

29
Q

What is a dose response curve?

A

A graphical representation of how much drug you need in the body to see a specific effect.

30
Q

What is the ED50?

A

The dose of drug that will result in 50% of the maximal effect.

31
Q

What is potency?

A

The dose of a drug that is required to produce a response of a certain magnitude.

32
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

Refers to the movement of a drug into, through, and out of the body

33
Q

What are the 4 processes of pharmacokinetics called?

A

ADME

34
Q

What are topical routes of absorbtion?

A

Refers to drugs that are applied directly to a particular place on the body (ex: the skin, inhalation, etc)

35
Q

What does ADME stand for?

A

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

36
Q

What are enteral routes of absorbtion?

A

Refers to administration through the GI tract (ex: oraly, rectum, sublingual, and buccal)

37
Q

What are parenteral routes of absorption?

A

They bypass the GI tract (ex: intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous)

38
Q

What is transdermal drug delivery?

A

the application of a drug to the skin for absorption into the general circulation (ex. nicotine patches)

39
Q

What is intravenous administration?

A

an IV, placed directly into the bloodstream producing immediate effects.

40
Q

What is subcutaneous administration?

A

The drug is injected into the deepest layer of skin.

41
Q

What is absorbtion?

A

the movement of a drug from the site of administration into the blood,

42
Q

What is distribution?

A

The movement of a drug from the blood to the sight of action and other tissues

43
Q

What is termination of effect?

A

the drug has been terminated from the blood into muscle and fat so there are no longer effects but the drug is yet to be removed from the body.

44
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Metabolism/biotransformation is the conversion of the drug into another chemical compound so it can be removed from the body.

45
Q

In biotransformation what is P450?

A

P450 are enzymes capable of biotransforming drugs mostly located in the liver.

46
Q

What is phase 1 of biotransformation?

A

To add/unmask a functional group on the drug to prepare it for phase 2

47
Q

What is phase 2 of biotransformation?

A

The addition of a large water-soluble moiety usually glucuronic acid or sulphate to the product

48
Q

Why are water soluble compounds added during phase 2 of biotransformation?

A

The metabolites are made water-soluble so that they can be excreted by the kidney

49
Q

Where are drugs excreted by the GI tract biotransformed?

A

The liver

50
Q

What is the half-life of a drug?

A

The time needed for the liver and kidney to remove half of the drug from the body

51
Q

What are adverse effects of drugs?

A

Effects caused by the drug that are not the intended effect

52
Q

When does the extension of therapeutic effect happen?

A

When there is too much of the drug in the bloodstream. Typically what happens during an overdose

53
Q

What is withdrawal and addiction?

A

Unwanted physiological and psychological effects of a drug.

54
Q

What is teratogenesis?

A

When a drug produces defects in a developing fetus

55
Q

What is detectability in animals?

A

Effects not seen in animals and only discovered when tested on humans

56
Q

How is drug toxicity assesed?

A

it is assessed using a measure called the therapeutic index

56
Q

What is the therapeutic index formula?

A

TI = TD50/ED50

57
Q

What is TD50?

A

the dose of drug that is toxic in 50% of the population

58
Q

What is ED50?

A

The dose of drug that is effective in 50% of the population.

59
Q

What are drug-drug interactions?

A

occurs when one drug changes the pharmacological effect of a second drug

60
Q
A

PHAR 100 (1 decks)

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