Module 1-3 Flashcards
Learning Theories
Behaviorism
-Classical Conditioning
-Operant Conditioning
Connectivism
Constructivism
Social-Cognitive
-People learn through repetition
-Learner is passive blank state shaped by environmental stimuli, both positive and negative reinforcement
-Pavlov’s dogs
-Classical conditioning
-Operant conditioning - instrumental (reinforcement)
Behaviorism
-Learning theory in response to behaviorism, psychologist who promoted this idea claimed that behaviorism failed to explain cognition
-Mind is an information processor
-Emphasizes understanding the concept as a whole instead of just the pieces
-Blooms Taxonomy
-Examples of cognitivism strategies for learning higher-level thinking are starting a lesson with a hook to create interest, a review quiz to promote prior learning, using learning outcomes, chunking content into organized bite sized pieces, using graphic organizers and the student takes on an active role on learning
-Teacher gives lots of encouragement and positive feedback
Cognitivism
-Learn new things through experience
-Build knowledge through experiences and interactions
-Taught to do something in constructivism, encouraged to discover something on their own, this is known as self– directed learning
-Cognitive learning is about building on prior knowledge and constructivism is about building new ideas and concepts based on own discoveries
Constructivism
-Developed by Geroge Siemens and Steven Downs. Stresses the connections and combinatorial creativity
-Learning theory for the 21st century
-George Siemens theory takes into account trends in learning, the use of technology and networks, and the diminishing half-life of a knowledge
-Siemens (2004) states, “a community is the clustering of similar areas of interest that allows for interaction, sharing, dialoguing, and thinking together.”
-Learning community is described as a node and a learning network are the nodes coming together to form a mass intelligence
Connectivism
-The study of behavior and how it reacts to a stimulus
-it also studies the consequences of the reaction
-John Watson was the first to use the word
Behaviorism
-It’s a mental process that takes place when information enters through the senses then gets stored in memory and is then used
-It is understanding the mind
-Very similar in how a computer works
Cognitivism
-Learning from working with others, so our cultural background is important since we learn behaviors from others
Socio-cultural (constructivism)
Ideas/past experiences mix with new ones to create our new knowledge
Cognitive (constructivism)
Philosophical founder of constructivism
John Dewey (1933/1998)
chief theorists among the cognitive constructivists
Bruner (1990) and Piaget (1972)
major theorist among the social constructivists
Vygotsky (1978)
Teaching Machines
Instructional Films
Direct Instruction
Behaviorism
Simulations
AI
Vitual Reality
Cognitivism
Programming
Hypermedia
Concept Maps
Constructivism
PERSONS WHO ARE RESPONSIBLE
DEAN, CHAIR, PROGRAM HEAD
VICE PRESIDENTS
OWNER
PRESIDENT AND CHIEF ACADEMIC OFFICER
Requires the use of
specific knowledge,
technique in performing
the job.
- Teachers need this skill for
effective classroom
management of school
operation
TECHNICAL SKILL
Ability to understand,
communicate, work and
integrate with the workers.
- Helps the educators to
establish a healthy students
relationship as well as with
others.
HUMAN RELATION SKILL
Ability and competence to
see the school in terms of
broad relationship.
- Enable the educational
personnel to work with
ideas and to relate events or
activities based from the
resources.
CONCEPTUALIZE SKILL
Ability and competence of the
mentors in taking effective
and appropriate decision
relating to school
management.
- Anticipate both intended and
unintended consequences of
the decision taken.
DECISION MAKING SKILL
Establish appropriate
channel of
communication to relate
effectively with students
and subordinates.
- Communicate
information clearly
without ambiguity
COMMUNICATION SKILL
Enable the mentors to
handle classroom
management problem.
- Ability to identify the
symptoms of problems
and finding out the
solution.
DIAGNOSTIC SKILL
Ability to examine and
understand a particular
problematic situation.
- Enable the teacher to
make the right decision
in managing
educational institution
and problem situation
ANALYTIC SKILL
Competent to build up
the structure, both human
and material resources.
- Ability to establish the
statement clearly,
procedure in doing a
particular task given to the
atudents.
ORGANIZING SKILL
Efficient to carry out the
supervision of instruction,
programs and activities of the
school system.
- Ability to supervise various
units in the the school to work
as a team towards achievement
of the school goals.
SUPERVISORY SKILL
Involve the knowledge to use
the various information and
communication tools.
- will help the faculty
member to effectively manage
school records involving
students and staff.
ICT SKILL
Roles of the Teacher
Instructional Expert
Manager
Counselor
Identify content
Write objectives
Introduce the lesson
Selecting instructional strategy
Closing the lesson
Evaluating the lesson
Identify the New content to be taught
Pre-instructional skills
Communicate with the students
Gain the student’s attention
Arouse and maintain student interest
Use stimulus variation and reinforcements
Use appropriate questioning techniques
Management if the learning environment smoothly and effectively
Use appropriate lesson closure
Evaluate lesson objectives
Instructional Skills
Analyze collected evaluative information
Make judgements regarding evaluative information
Post-instructional skills
Post-instructional skills
General Teaching Skills
Pre-instructional skills
Instructional Skills
Post-instructional skills
Principles of Effective Teaching and Learning
Seize the Moment
Involve the student in planning
Begin with what the student knows
Move from simple to complex
Accommodate the student’s preferred learning style
Sort goals by learning domain
Make material meaningful
Tell your students how they are proposing
Allow immediate application of knowledge
Plan for periodic tests
Reward desired learning with praise
Instructional planning is a DECISION-MAKING PROCESS
Vital areas: Subject matter knowledge and action system knowledge
Organize, present and teach the subject matter in a manner that can be understood by the students
Planning Instruction
Silence
Voice control
Gestures
MOTIVATION-enhance the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation of the students
Arousing and Maintaining Student Interests
Personalizing and warming up the climate
Using an attention getter
Relating the lesson to the world of students
Reviewing past work
Using advance organizers
Opening a Lesson
Forms of instruction:
Symbolic learning
Iconic learning
Enactive learning
Types of learning experiences:
Verbal experiences
Visual experiences
Vicarious experiences
Simulated experiences
Direct experiences
Selecting Appropriate Teaching Method
Teacher directed methods
Student centered methods
Materials centered methods
Summary reviews
Eliciting generalizations and abstractions
Feedback on Group Accompishments
Previewing the next lesson
Closing a Lesson
Simply standing silently facing the class.
SILENCE
Beginning to speak in a very low tone. Teacher gives
signal to be quiet and attentive. Voice is raised to normal volume when
attained objective.
VOICE CONTROL
waving one’s hand towards noisy students or other
movement to get student’s attention.
GESTURES
process of increasing the interest learners already have
on a topic or task
Intrinsic motivation
focused on activities or strategies that can enhance
success and reduce failure when lesson is difficult.
Extrinsic motivation
Teacher shares a positive
feelings about event or works or output of the students. E.g. I am happy about the
outcomes of your assessment last Friday.
PERSONALIZING AND WARMING UP THE CLIMATE
May bring audiotapes or slides presentation or
any modules you think can attract attention.
USING AN ATTENTION GETTER
Establish
connection between the student and to the topic presented. Ex. Who have parent’s
working in hospitals or clinics abroad, and ask their benefits in the household
economy. Since OFW contributes to the nation’s economy.
RELATING THE LESSON TO THE WORLD OF STUDENTS
Emphasize students to realize about what knowledge
or skill learned in relation to the new topic
REVIEWING PAST WORK
It is a statement which will help the student to
process the lesson to be introduced.
USING ADVANCE ORGANIZER
Learning through the books,
journals or other printed materials. Could be presented
through Mnemonics, numbers or formulas
SYMBOLIC LEARNING