Module 1 - 2 (basic Knowledge) Flashcards
What are the main body cavities?
The main body cavities are pleural cavities, mediastinum, and pericardial cavity.
What does the pleural cavity surround?
The pleural cavity surrounds the lung.
What is located within the mediastinum?
The pericardial cavity is located within the mediastinum.
How is the body divided regionally?
The body is divided into two regions: axial and appendicular.
What does the axial region include?
The axial region includes the head, neck, and trunk.
What does the appendicular region include?
The appendicular region includes the upper and lower limbs.
What does the vertebral cavity protect?
The vertebral cavity protects the spinal cord.
What is the function of the serous membrane?
The serous membrane creates a double-layered structure and provides lubrication.
What is the abdominal cavity?
The abdominal cavity extends from the diaphragm to the bony pelvis.
What is the pelvic cavity?
The pelvic cavity is the area within the bony pelvis.
What are the levels of structural organization in the body?
The levels are chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism.
What is a midsagittal plane?
A midsagittal plane divides the body into equal left and right halves.
What is the anatomical position?
The anatomical position is when the body is upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides.
What does ‘superior’ mean in anatomical terms?
‘Superior’ means toward the head.
What does ‘inferior’ mean in anatomical terms?
‘Inferior’ means toward the tail.
What does ‘proximal’ mean?
‘Proximal’ means closer to the point of origin, generally the trunk.
What does ‘distal’ mean?
‘Distal’ means farther away from the point of origin, generally the trunk.
What does ‘medial’ mean?
‘Medial’ means closer to the midline of the body.
What does ‘lateral’ mean?
‘Lateral’ means farther away from the midline of the body.
What is ‘superficial’ in anatomical terms?
‘Superficial’ means closer to the surface of the body.
What is ‘deep’ in anatomical terms?
‘Deep’ means farther away from the surface of the body.
What is the origin of cells?
Cells come from pre-existing ones.
What type of organisms are eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic organisms are multicellular, including animals and plants.
What type of organisms are prokaryotic?
Prokaryotic organisms are unicellular, including bacteria and viruses.
What is cell metabolism?
Cell metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions that a cell carries out to maintain life.
What are the types of reactions involved in cell metabolism?
Anabolic reactions (building), catabolic reactions (breaking down), and oxidation-reduction (converting chemical bond energy).
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is a type of passive transport that requires no energy, involving random mixing of particles in a solution.
What factors affect diffusion?
Concentration gradient, temperature, particle size, distance, lipid solubility, and membrane permeability.
What are the main stages of the cell cycle?
The cell cycle has two main stages: Interphase and Cell reproduction (cytokinesis and mitosis).
What occurs during Interphase?
Growth, normal activities, and DNA replication.
What is the outcome of mitosis?
Mitosis divides DNA exactly into two daughter cells.
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the passive diffusion of water through a selective permeable membrane from a lower concentrated area to a higher.
What are the types of tonicity?
Isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic.
What happens to cells in an isotonic solution?
Cells retain normal shape.
What happens to cells in a hypertonic solution?
Cells lose water by osmosis and shrink.
What happens to cells in a hypotonic solution?
Cells take in water and swell, which may eventually cause them to burst.
What is active transport?
Active transport involves pumping substances in or out of the cell, driven by energy derived from ATP.
What is facilitated diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion is the process of diffusion through a channel.
What is the role of ribosomes?
Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis.
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
The Golgi apparatus is involved in secretion being released from the cell by exocytosis.
What surrounds atomic nucleons?
Electron shells
How many electrons can the first shell hold?
Two electrons
How many electrons can the second shell hold?
Eight electrons
How many electrons can the third shell hold?
Eighteen electrons but satisfied with eight
What is the octet rule?
Elements interact to produce chemically stable arrangements of two (first shell) or eight electrons (all other shells)
What does the valency of an atom represent?
The ability to combine with other atoms and equals the number of unpaired electrons in the outer shell
What do chemical interactions involve?
Electrons in the outer shell
What are the two possibilities for electron interactions?
- Transferring from one shell to another 2. Sharing
What happens when bonds are formed and broken?
Forming bonds uses energy; breaking bonds releases energy
What charge do protons have?
Positive charge in the nucleus
What charge do neutrons have?
Neutral charge in atomic nucleons
What charge do electrons have?
Negative charge outside atomic nucleus
What is an element?
A single atom
What is a molecule?
When two atoms combine
What is a compound?
When different elements combine
What is an ion?
A charged atom or molecule
Are all compounds molecules?
Yes, all compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds
What is a chemical bond?
An energy relationship between atoms
What is an ionic bond?
Electronic transfer between atoms, formed when electrons are transferred from a metal atom to a nonmetal atom
What is a covalent bond?
Valence electrons shared between atoms; the strongest bond that forms when two or more nonmetals share electrons
What is a hydrogen bond?
A specialized covalent bond that binds molecules, not atoms; a weak attraction responsible for surface tension
What are the two general forms of energy?
- Potential energy - stored energy that can be released later.
- Kinetic energy - potential energy that has been released to perform work.
What types of energy are present in the body?
- Chemical - in bonds between atoms.
- Electrical - generated by movement of charged particles or ions.
- Mechanical energy - directly transferred between objects.
What distinguishes organic compounds from inorganic compounds?
Organic compounds contain carbon and are the main source of body energy, while inorganic compounds lack carbon and are structurally simple.
What are the three types of carbohydrates?
- Monosaccharides - quick energy.
- Disaccharides - two monosaccharides joined by covalent bonds.
- Polysaccharides - many sugars for long-term energy storage.
What is a characteristic of inorganic compounds?
Inorganic compounds are structurally simple and derived from non-living sources.
What is salt in terms of its behavior in water?
Salt dissociates completely when dissolved in water.
What are electrolytes?
Soluble inorganic compounds that dissociate into cations and anions that conduct electricity in solution.
What are lipids and their solubility?
Lipids are insoluble in water but will dissolve in organic solvents.
What is the major structural component of cell membranes?
Phospholipids.
What is the most important steroid?
Cholesterol, which forms other steroids.
What are acids and bases?
Two common groups of compounds that react in water, held together by ionic bonds.
