Module 1-2 [Anatomy & Physiology | Cells and Tissues]

Question 1

it is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

Answer 1

Anatomy

Question 2

the study of functions of the body and how the body works and carry out life-sustaining activities

Answer 2

Physiology

Question 3

levels of structural organization (6 levels)

Answer 3

Chemical > Cellular > Tissue > Organ > Organ System > Organismal

Question 4

forms the external body covering, protecting deeper tissues from injuries

Answer 4

integumentary system

Question 5

provides a framework for the muscles to use and move, protects and supports body organs

Answer 5

skeletal system

Question 6

maintains posture and allows the production of heat and manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression

Answer 6

muscular system

Question 7

the fast-acting control system of the body, responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

Answer 7

nervous system

Question 8

glands secrete hormones and regulate the growth, reproduction, and nutrient processes used (metabolism)

Answer 8

endocrine system

Question 9

the heart pumps the blood and the blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.

Answer 9

cardiovascular system

Question 10

Immune response. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream and houses the lymphocytes (WBC) it also picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood.

Answer 10

lymphatic system/immunity

Question 11

keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

Answer 11

respiratory system

Question 12

breaks down food into absorbable units that enter blood for distribution to body cells, indigestible stuff is eliminated as feces

Answer 12

digestive system

Question 13

eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body, regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood

Answer 13

urinary system

Question 14

the system responsible for the production of an offspring

Answer 14

reproductive system (Female & Male)

Question 15

the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units, either oxidized or used in anabolic reactions.

Answer 15

catabolism

Question 16

the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units, requiring energy or also known as the endergonic process

Answer 16

anabolism

Question 17

the dynamic state of equilibrium in which internal conditions vary but always within relatively narrow limits

Answer 17

homeostasis

Question 18

basic structure material of the body and plays vital roles in cell function

Answer 18

proteins

Question 19

building blocks of protein

Answer 19

amino acids

Question 20

globular proteins that act as biological catalysts (regulate and accelerate the rate of biochemical reactions)

Answer 20

enzymes

Question 21

substance on which an enzyme acts

Answer 21

substrate

Question 22

What is a cell?

Answer 22

> smallest unit of life and can only arise from other cells.
ALL organisms are made of cells
250 different cell types

Question 23

substances contributing to body mass that is found outside of the cells

Answer 23

> (ECF) Extracellular liquid
Cellular secretions
(ECM) Extracellular matrix

Question 24

diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer (usually small nonpolar molecules that readily dissolve in lipids)

Answer 24

simple diffusion

Question 25

diffusion either through a) binding to carrier proteins or b) through a water-filled channel proteins

Answer 25

facilitated diffusion

Question 26

diffusion of a solvent through a membrane

Answer 26

osmosis

Question 27

the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cells [internal water volume]

Answer 27

tonicity

Question 28

same concentrations of nonpenetrating solutes as those found in the cells, retain shape, exhibit no net loss or gain of water

Answer 28

isotonic

Question 29

higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than seen in the cell, lose water, shrivel, or crenate

Answer 29

hypertonic

Question 30

low concentration of nonpenetrating solutes; more dilute than cells, cells plump up or burst (lyse)

Answer 30

hypotonic

Question 31

What is active transport?

Answer 31

> Move solutes uphill, against a concentration gradient using energy > Requires transport proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substances

Question 32

the electrical potential energy resulting from the separation of oppositely charged particles

Answer 32

membrane or voltage

Question 33

control center and contains the instructions to build nearly all the body’s proteins

Answer 33

nucleus

Question 34

groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function

Answer 34

tissues

Question 35

product of a gland that can be aqueous, lipid, or steroid-rich containing proteins

Answer 35

secretion

Question 36

consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product

Answer 36

gland

Question 37

product hormones that enter the blood or lymphatic fluid to specific target organs

Answer 37

endocrine glands

Question 38

a structural support network made up of diverse proteins, sugars, and other components and responsible for the physical maintenance of cells

Answer 38

extracellular matrix

Question 39

smooth muscle [description & function}

Answer 39

> spindled shaped cells arranged closely with central nuclei, no striations > propels substances or objects such as food, urine, and a baby, along internal passageways; involuntary control > located in the walls of hollow organs

Question 40

the main component of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, and nerves) which regulates and controls body functions

Answer 40

nervous tissue