Module 1-2 [Anatomy & Physiology | Cells and Tissues] Flashcards
it is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
Anatomy
the study of functions of the body and how the body works and carry out life-sustaining activities
Physiology
levels of structural organization (6 levels)
Chemical > Cellular > Tissue > Organ > Organ System > Organismal
forms the external body covering, protecting deeper tissues from injuries
integumentary system
provides a framework for the muscles to use and move, protects and supports body organs
skeletal system
maintains posture and allows the production of heat and manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
muscular system
the fast-acting control system of the body, responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
nervous system
glands secrete hormones and regulate the growth, reproduction, and nutrient processes used (metabolism)
endocrine system
the heart pumps the blood and the blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.
cardiovascular system
Immune response. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream and houses the lymphocytes (WBC) it also picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood.
lymphatic system/immunity
keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
respiratory system
breaks down food into absorbable units that enter blood for distribution to body cells, indigestible stuff is eliminated as feces
digestive system
eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body, regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood
urinary system
the system responsible for the production of an offspring
reproductive system (Female & Male)
the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units, either oxidized or used in anabolic reactions.
catabolism
the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units, requiring energy or also known as the endergonic process
anabolism
the dynamic state of equilibrium in which internal conditions vary but always within relatively narrow limits
homeostasis
basic structure material of the body and plays vital roles in cell function
proteins
building blocks of protein
amino acids
globular proteins that act as biological catalysts (regulate and accelerate the rate of biochemical reactions)
enzymes
substance on which an enzyme acts
substrate
What is a cell?
> smallest unit of life and can only arise from other cells.
ALL organisms are made of cells
250 different cell types
substances contributing to body mass that is found outside of the cells
> (ECF) Extracellular liquid
Cellular secretions
(ECM) Extracellular matrix
diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer (usually small nonpolar molecules that readily dissolve in lipids)
simple diffusion
diffusion either through
a) binding to carrier proteins or
b) through a water-filled channel proteins
facilitated diffusion
diffusion of a solvent through a
membrane
osmosis
the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cells
[internal water volume]
tonicity
same concentrations of nonpenetrating solutes as those found in the cells, retain shape, exhibit no net loss or gain of water
isotonic
higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than seen in the cell, lose water, shrivel, or crenate
hypertonic
low concentration of nonpenetrating solutes; more dilute than cells, cells plump up or burst (lyse)
hypotonic
What is active transport?
> Move solutes uphill, against a concentration gradient using energy
Requires transport proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substances
the electrical potential energy resulting from
the separation of oppositely charged particles
membrane or voltage
control center and contains the
instructions to build nearly all the
body’s proteins
nucleus
groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function
tissues
product of a gland that can be aqueous, lipid, or steroid-rich containing proteins
secretion
consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product
gland
product hormones that enter the blood or lymphatic fluid to specific target organs
endocrine glands
a structural support network made up of diverse proteins, sugars, and other components and responsible for the physical maintenance of cells
extracellular matrix
smooth muscle [description & function}
> spindled shaped cells arranged closely with central nuclei, no striations
propels substances or objects such as food, urine, and a baby, along internal passageways; involuntary control
located in the walls of hollow organs
the main component of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, and nerves) which regulates and controls body functions
nervous tissue
