Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Intro To Micro > Module 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Module 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Microbiology definition

A

The study of very small things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Microorganisms

A

germs or microbes
Living organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Microorganism groups

A

Bacteria
Fungi (yeast or mold)
Protozoans
Microscopic algae
viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Positive roles of microbes

A

Form basis of food chains in oceans, lakes, and rivers
Break down wastes
photosynthesis
digestion and synthesis of vitamin k and vitamin b
food production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Opportunistic pathogen

A

Non-pathogenic becomes pathogenic when the conditions are right
(c. diff)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Robert Hooke

A

First microscope
Created cell theory (all living things are composed of cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Edward Jenner

A

First mandatory vaccine
Found small pox vaccine by using cow-scrapings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

pasteurization versus sterilization

A

pasteurization involves food while sterilization involves inanimate objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Theory of spontaneous generation

A

False idea stating that life can come from non-living materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Joseph Lister

A

Applied germ theory to medical procedures (hand washing)
Discovered first disinfectant (phenol) which served as a hand sanitizer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Theorized germs caused disease
disproved the theory of spontaneous generation
demonstrated microbial life can be destroyed by heat and methods can be designed to block the access of airborne microoganisms to nutrient environments
formed the basis of aseptic techniques
discovered pasteruization
Found out why vaccines worked (but not boosters)
used live attenuated or weakened pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Robert Koch

A

First proof that bacteria causes disease by injecting cows (Koch’s postulate)
Koch and Petri developed the petri dish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Arthur Flemming

A

Penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Antibiotic problems

A

Damaging side effects to host
antibiotic-resistant microorganism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Wendell Stanley

A

Discovered tobacco mosaic virus (first virus discovered)
cannot be filtered out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Notable microorganisms

A

Legionella pneumophilia
Staphylococcus aureus
HIV
Yersinia pestis
Flesh eating streptococcus
SARS virus
h1N1 influenza virus
Ebola
Covid 19

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How to write a microorganism name

A

Genus (first, capitalized, italicized)
species (follows, not capitalized, italicized)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who devised the five-system classification system?

A

Robert Whitaker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the size of most bacteria?

A

0.20-2.0 microns in diameter and 2-8 microns in length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do cocci divide

A

binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

diplococci

A

pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

streptococci

A

chainlike

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

tetrads

A

groups of 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

sarcinae

A

cubelike, 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

staphylococci

A

grapelike clusters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cocci

A

spherical

24
Q

bacilli

A

rod-shaped

25
Q

how do bacilli divide

A

only across their short axis

26
Q

diplobacilli

A

pairs

27
Q

streptobaccili

A

chains

28
Q

coccobacilli

A

oval, in between bacilli and cocci

29
Q

spirochetes

A

spiral

30
Q

vibrio

A

commas

31
Q

spirilla

A

helical shape, like a corkscrew. has flagella

32
Q

spirochetes

A

no flagella, move by axial filament

33
Q

Stella

A

star shaped cell

34
Q

Arcula

A

square shapes, flat cells

35
Q

what can affect shape

A

antibiotics and environment

36
Q

what are cell walls made up of

A

peptidoglycan

37
Q

what determines the virulence factor

A

glycocalyx (how well it sticks)
capsule slime layer

38
Q

Glycocalyx

A

external to cell membrane
can take the form of a capsule or slime layer, flagella, axial filaments, and pili
gelatinous polymer (protection) composed of polypeptides, polysaccharide or both
viscous (sticky)
made inside the cell and excreted outside
protects against dehydration and inhibits the movement of nutrients from the cell

39
Q

Called a capsule if

A

causes virulence in an organism

40
Q

virulence

A

degree to which bacteria causes disease

41
Q

called a slime layer when

A

purpose is to attach a bacterium to various surfaces in order to survive

42
Q

Flagella

A

Long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria
Move in a helical rotary fashion
Four arrangements

43
Q

monotrichous

A

single polar flagellum

44
Q

amphitricious

A

single flagella at both ends of the cell

45
Q

lophotrichous

A

two or more flagella at one or both ends of the cell

46
Q

peritrichous

A

flagella distributed over the entire cell

47
Q

Axial filaments

A

Facilitate the movement of spirochetes
Bundles of fibrils that spiral around the cell
Rotation of filaments causes the rigid helical cell to rotate in the opposite direction and move as a corkscrew

48
Q

Pili

A

Hair like appendages, shorter and thinner than flagella
Can occur at the poles or over the entire surface
many gram-negative bacteria have pili
two types of pili

49
Q

Common pili

A

allow cell to adhere to surfaces
including the surface of other cells
Neisseria gonorrhea is an example

50
Q

Sex pili

A

Functions to join bacterial cells prior to the transfer of DNA

51
Q

Cell wall

A

Semi-rigid structure responsible for the shape
almost all prokaryotes have it
composed of peptidoglycan

52
Q

Cell wall function

A

prevent cell rupture from osmotic pressure
maintain the shape
anchors the flagella
produce symptoms of disease in some
site of action of some antibiotics

53
Q

Gram positive bacteria

A

Has thick layers of peptidoglycan
cell walls contain teichoic acid (makes it possible to be identified serologically, like strep)
Teichoic acid helps to prevent cell wall lysis

54
Q

Acid fast bacteria (mycobacterium)

A

consists of peptidoglycan and 60% lipids

55
Q

gram negative bacteria

A

contain peptidoglycan in small amounts
have no teichoic acids
peptidoglycan layer surrounded by an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), lipoproteins, and phospholipids
increased permeabiltiy of the cell wall

56
Q

Gram negative bacteria outside layer function

A

strong negative charge helps to evade phagocytosis and the action of complement
provides a barrier to certain substances (penicillin) and is permeable to others

57
Q

What two characteristics of gram negative bacteria does LPS provide

A

O polysaccharides that function as antigens in serological testing.
Lipid A is an endotoxin that can be toxic in hosts blood stream

58
Q

Atypical cell walls

A

prokaryotes that naturally have no walls or have very little wall material
cannot be plated

59
Q

Atypical cell wall species

A

Mycoplasma and ureaplasma

60
Q

Plasma membrane

A

selectively permeable
breaks down nutrients and helps produce energy
Mesosomes

61
Q

Mesosomes

A

Irregular folds of the plasma membrane
function is unknown
thought to play a role in reproduction and metabolism

Intro To Micro (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions