Module 1 & 2 Flashcards
Studies the structure of body parts and their relationship with each other
Anatomy
Studies the function of the body and how the body parts work
Physiology
Requirements for Life (Survival Needs)
- Nutrients
- Oxygen
- Water
- Normal Body Temperature
- Atmospheric Pressure
Study of large body structure
Gross Anatomy
All structures in particular region
Regional Anatomy
Body structures examined system by system
Systemic Anatomy
Study of internal structures of the body and their relation to the skin surface
Surface Anatomy
Engages with small structures visible to the naked eyes
Microscopic Anatomy
Traces structural changes that occur throughout the life span
Developmental Anatomy
Studies all functions of the kidney
Renal Physiology
Study of heart and blood vessels
Cardiovascular Physiology
Study of functions of the kidney
Neurophysiology
Metabolic pathways break down molecules for energy release or anabolic reactions.
Catabolism
Metabolic pathways constructing molecules from smaller units, requiring energy, also called endergonic process
Anabolism
Body’s capacity to uphold consistent internal conditions.
Homeostasis
The body’s incapacity to regain a stable and functional internal environment.
Homeostatic Imbalance
The process of breaking down or constructing larger molecules.
Metabolism
Basic unit of the body
Cell
Selective permeable barrier
Plasma Membrane
Interior of the cell with organelle-filled intercellular fluid.
Cytoplasm
Organelle that controls cellular activities
Nucleus
Separates cytoplasm from external fluid, forming cell’s boundary.
Physical Barrier
Controls what enters or exits the cell.
Selective Permeability
Proteins on the plasma membrane relay messages from chemical messengers to the cell interior.
Communication
Cell surface carbohydrates enable cell recognize each other
Cell Recognition
Easily pass through lipid bilayer (usually small, nonpolar molecules).
Simple Diffusion
Either by a) binding to carrier proteins or b) passing through water-filled channel proteins.
Facilitated Diffusion
The process in which a solvent moves through a membrane.
Osmosis
Provides structure and transports materials.
Proteins
Fluid consisting of protein, water, electrolytes, and solutions.
Intracellular Fluid
Fluid on the exterior part of the cell.
Extracellular Fluid
Refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cell; internal water volume.
Tonicity
Have equal concentrations of nonpenetrating solutes as the cells, maintain shape, and experience no net water loss or gain.
Isotonic
Contain higher nonpenetrating solute levels than cells, resulting in water loss and cell shrinkage or crenation.
Hypertonic
Less concentrated than cells, causing cells to plump or lyse.
Hypotonic
Requires transport proteins that combines specifically and reversibly with the transported substances
Active Transport
Signals from the nervous system
Neurotransmitters
Signals from the endocrine system
Hormones
Chemical that act locally and are rapidly destroyed
Paracrine
A thick, semi-transparent fluid in which other elements of the cytoplasm are suspended.
Cytosol
Cell’s metabolic machinery for protein synthesis and generate ATP
Organelles
Various chemical substances including stored nutrients, lipids, and pigments.
Inclusions
Powerplant of the cell, responsible for ATP supply
Mitochondria
Where protein synthesis takes place
Ribosomes
Extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel sacs
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Stacked, flattened sacs modify and package proteins and lipids, along with small associated vesicles.
Golgi Apparatus
Enzyme-filled spherical sacs abundant in kidneys and livers.
Peroxisomes
Rounded membrane-bound organelles holding active hydrolytic enzymes.
Lysosomes
Complex system of rods in the cytosol, linked by many accessory proteins to other cell structures.
Cytoskeleton
Motile cellular extensions, found on cell surfaces, propel substances in a single direction.
Cilia
Longer centriole-formed extensions, only found in sperm as a single propulsive flagellum moving the cell.
Flagella
Small finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane, typically found in absorptive cells of the intestine and kidney, increasing cell surface area.
Microvili
