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Anatomy and Physiology > Module 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Module 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

Study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as heart, lungs, kidneys

A

Gross Anatomy

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3
Q

All structures in particular region of the body (abdomen or leg region)

A

Regional

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4
Q

Body structures are examined system by system (cardiovascular, neuro, nephron
etc)

A

Systemic

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5
Q

Study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface

A

Surface

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6
Q

Deals with structures to small to be seen by the naked eye (cytology, histology)

A

Microscopic

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7
Q

Traces structural changes that occur throughout the life span

A

Developmental

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8
Q

Studies the function of the body, how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities

A

Physiology

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9
Q

Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors, and sweat and oil glands.

A

Integumentary System

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10
Q

Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.

A

Skeletal System

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11
Q

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.

A

Muscular System

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12
Q

As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

A

Nervous System

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13
Q

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as grown, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells

A

Endocrine System

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14
Q

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.

A

Cardiovascular System

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15
Q

Picks un fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.

A

Lymphatic System

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16
Q

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. These exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

A

Respiratory System

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17
Q

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

A

Digestive System

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18
Q

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regular water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.

A

Urinary System

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19
Q

Is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions.

A

Catabolism

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20
Q

Is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units, these reactions require energy, known also as an endergonic process

A

Anabolism

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21
Q

Smallest unit of life

A

Cells

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22
Q

Selectively permeable barrier

A

Plasma Membrane

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23
Q

Intracellular fluid packed with organelles

A

Cytoplasm

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24
Q

Organelle that controls cellular activities

A

Nucleus

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25
Q

Substances contributing to body mass that are found outside of the cells.

A

Extracellular Materials

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26
Q

Includes interstitial fluids, blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

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27
Q

Substances that aid digestion (gastric fluids) or act as lubricants (saliva)

A

Cellular Secretions

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28
Q

Most abundant material, jellylike substance composed of proteins and polysaccharides

A

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

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29
Q

Forms the fabric of the membrane (phospholipid + cholesterol

A

Membrane Lipids

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30
Q

Allows the membrane to communicate with its environment, responsible for specialized membrane function

A

Membrane Proteins

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31
Q

Includes glycoproteins and glycolipid. Glycocalyx (carbohydrate rich area) provides identity molecules for specific biological markers.

A

Membrane Carbohydrates

32
Q

Allow neighboring cells to adhere and to communicate, inhibit or aid in allowing movement of molecules between cells

A

Cell Junctions

33
Q

Encloses the cell, separating the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid

A

Physical Barrier

34
Q

Determines which substances enters or exit the cell

A

Selective Permeability

35
Q

Plasma membrane proteins interact with specific chemical messengers and relay messages to the cell interior

A

Communication

36
Q

Cell surface carbohydrates allow cells to recognize each other

A

Cell Recognition

37
Q

Diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer (usually small nonpolar molecules that readily dissolve in lipids)

A

Simple Diffusion

38
Q

either through a (binding to carrier proteins or 2) through water filled channel proteins

A

Facilitated Diffusion

39
Q

Diffusion of a solvent through a membrane

A

Osmosis

40
Q

Refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cells; internal water volume

A

Tonicity

41
Q

Have the same concentrations of nonpenetrating solutes as those found in the cells, retain shape, exhibit no net loss or gain of water

A

Isotonic

42
Q

Higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than seen in the cell, lose water, shrivel or crenate

A

Hypertonic

43
Q

More dilute than cells, cells plump up or lyse

A

Hypotonic

44
Q

Requires transport proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substances

A

Active Transport

45
Q

Also termed as voltage, electrical potential energy resulting from the separation of oppositely charged particles

A

Membrane Potential

46
Q

Cell surface proteins that mediate the interaction between cells, or between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)

47
Q

In which cells come together, touch and recognize one another. Useful in development and immunity

A

Contact Signaling

48
Q

Process in which a ligand (chemical messenger) binds a specific receptor and initiates a response

A

Chemical Signaling

49
Q

Powerplants of the cell, providing ATP supply. Lozenge-shaped organelles that contains its own DNA, RNA, ribosomes and able to reproduce themselves.

A

Mitochondria

50
Q

Sites of protein synthesis. Small- dark staining granules composed of proteins and RNA

A

Ribosomes

51
Q

Extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel sacs

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

52
Q

Studded with ribosomes that manufacture all proteins secretes from cells

A

Rough ER

53
Q

Contains integral proteins called enzymes that catalyze reactions

A

Smooth ER

54
Q

Modify, concentrate and package the proteins and lipids

A

Golgi Apparatus

55
Q

Spherical membranous sacs containing enzymes (numerous in kidneys and livers)

A

Peroxisomes

56
Q

Spherical membranous organelles containing activated hydrolytic enzymes

A

Lysosomes

57
Q

Elaborate network of rods running through the cytosol and hundreds of accessory proteins that link these rods to other cells structures

A

Cytoskeleton

58
Q

Series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it reproduces

A

Cell Cycle

59
Q

Period of cell formation to cell division

A

Interphase

60
Q

Division of the nucleus, is the series of events that parcels out the replicated DNA of the parent cell to two daughter cells

A

Mitosis

61
Q

Is the segment of a DNA molecule that carries instructions for creating one polypeptide chain

A

Gene

62
Q

Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function

A

Tissues

63
Q

Sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity

A

Epithelial Tissue

64
Q

Characteristics of the Epithelium

A

Polarity
Specialized Contacts
Supported by Connective Tissue
Avascular bur innervated
Regeneration

65
Q

found where absorption, secretion and filtration occurs

A

Simple

66
Q

With 2 or more layers, common in high abrasion area such as lining of the mouth and skin surface

A

Stratified

67
Q

Consist of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product

A

Gland

68
Q

Product of a gland that can be aqueous, lipid or steroid-rich containing proteins

A

Secretion

69
Q

Product hormones that enter the blood or lymphatic fluid to specific target organs. Internally secretion

A

Endocrine

70
Q

Secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities, include liver, pancreas, salivary glands among others. Externally secreting

A

Exocrine

71
Q

One-celled

A

Unicellular

72
Q

Many celled

A

Multicellular

73
Q

Well-vascularized tissues that are responsible for most type of body movement

A

Muscle Tissue

74
Q

high specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses which enables them to respond to stimuli and transmit electrical impulses

A

Neurons

75
Q

Non-conducting cells that support, insulate and protect delicate neurons

A

Supporting Cells

Anatomy and Physiology (1 decks)

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