Module 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the World Wide Web (WWW)?
A
A vast information space that allows users to access and share content through hyperlinks and web pages.
2
Q
What is the key difference between the Internet and the World Wide Web?
A
The Internet is a global network of computers, while the Web is a system that runs on the Internet using web browsers and HTTP.
3
Q
What is a web page?
A
A document accessible through the WWW that can contain text, images, videos, links, and other media.
4
Q
What are hyperlinks?
A
Clickable elements that connect one web page to another, fundamental for web navigation.
5
Q
What function do web browsers serve?
A
Software applications that allow users to access and interact with content on the Web.
6
Q
What is a web server?
A
A system that stores and serves web pages to users, responding to requests from web browsers.
7
Q
Define URL.
A
The address used to identify and locate resources on the web.
8
Q
What does HTML stand for?
A
HyperText Markup Language.
9
Q
What is the purpose of CSS?
A
A style sheet language used to describe the presentation of documents written in HTML or XML.
10
Q
What is JavaScript used for?
A
To make web pages interactive, enabling dynamic content and functionalities.
11
Q
What is frontend development?
A
The creation of the user interface and design elements with technologies like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
12
Q
What was the primary characteristic of Web 1.0?
A
A static collection of web pages with limited interactivity.
13
Q
What does Web 2.0 refer to?
A
A shift towards more dynamic and interactive websites with user-generated content.
14
Q
What is Web 3.0 also known as?
A
The Semantic Web.
15
Q
List some impacts of the WWW.
A
- Revolutionized communication
- Transformed e-commerce
- Facilitated education
- Changed entertainment
- Affected business operations
16
Q
What is one potential future trend for the WWW?
A
Decentralization through technologies like blockchain.
17
Q
What are Internet protocols?
A
Rules and standards that govern how data is transmitted and received across networks.
18
Q
What is the purpose of the Application Layer in Internet protocols?
A
Enables communication between applications and services.
19
Q
What does HTTP stand for?
A
HyperText Transfer Protocol.
20
Q
What are the main functions of the Transport Layer?
A
- Ensures reliable delivery of data
- Manages data segmentation, error correction, and flow control
21
Q
What does TCP ensure?
A
Reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of data.
22
Q
What is the role of the Internet Layer?
A
Routes data packets across networks based on IP addresses.
23
Q
What are the two versions of IP?
A
- IPv4
- IPv6
24
Q
What does NAT stand for?
A
Network Address Translation.
25
What is the Network Interface Layer responsible for?
Physical transmission over hardware.
26
What is the purpose of the TCP/IP model?
To enable networking and communication over the Internet.
27
How many layers does the TCP/IP model have?
Four layers.
28
What does the term 'encapsulation' refer to in TCP/IP?
Each layer adds its own header to the data, encapsulating it with information for the next layer.
29
True or False: UDP provides guaranteed delivery of data.
False.
30
What does BGP stand for?
Border Gateway Protocol.
31
Fill in the blank: The foundational protocols for Internet addressing are ______.
[IPv4 and IPv6]
32
What does TLS stand for?
Transport Layer Security.
33
Name one key feature of TCP/IP.
* Scalability
* Interoperability
* Standardization
* Error Handling
34
What layer of the TCP/IP model is responsible for creating an email?
Application Layer
## Footnote
This layer is where user-level applications interact with the network.
35
What does the Transport Layer (TCP/UDP) do?
Segments data into packets and adds a header.
36
What is the function of the Internet Layer (IP)?
Handles addressing and routing, adding an IP header.
37
What is the role of the Network Interface Layer?
Transmits the packets over the physical medium.
38
Define Encapsulation in networking.
Each layer adds its own header to the data, encapsulating it with information needed for the next layer.
39
What is De-Encapsulation?
On the receiving side, each layer removes its header, processes the data, and passes it to the next layer.
40
How many layers are in the TCP/IP model?
4
41
How many layers are in the OSI model?
7
42
What is the main focus of the TCP/IP model?
Practical, real-world
43
What is the main focus of the OSI model?
Theoretical framework
44
Name one example protocol used in the TCP/IP model.
TCP, UDP, IP, HTTP
45
Name one example protocol used in the OSI model.
FTP, SMTP, HTTP
46
What is a distributed computer system?
Intercommunicating computer systems required to process information and pass it between each other.
47
What was the purpose of formulating the OSI reference model?
To address the problem of interconnectivity between different user systems.
48
What does OSI aim to eliminate?
Proprietary systems that restrict users to a single vendor.
49
What are N-layer service access points (SAPs)?
Interfaces or boundaries between adjacent layers or services.
50
What is the purpose of peer-to-peer communication protocols?
Allows corresponding layers at distant ends to communicate.
51
Define Protocol Data Unit (PDU).
The resultant header and data produced at each layer during encapsulation.
52
What are the four types of primitives available in networking layers?
Request, Indication, Response, and Confirm.
53
What is the function of the Physical Layer (Layer 1)?
Deals with the physical connection between devices and the transmission of raw bit streams.
54
What key tasks does the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) perform?
* Framing
* MAC addressing
* Error detection
* Flow control
55
What is the main responsibility of the Network Layer (Layer 3)?
Manages device addressing and routing.
56
What does the Transport Layer (Layer 4) ensure?
Reliable data transfer between end systems.
57
What is the role of the Session Layer (Layer 5)?
Manages sessions between applications.
58
What does the Presentation Layer (Layer 6) handle?
Data translation, encryption, and compression.
59
What services does the Application Layer (Layer 7) provide?
Network services directly to end-user applications.
60
What is the OSI model primarily used for?
Understanding and implementing standard protocols in network communications.
61
What does Internet Server Technology refer to?
The hardware, software, and protocols enabling servers to provide services over the Internet.
62
Name a key component of server hardware.
* Processor
* Memory (RAM)
* Storage
* Network Interface Cards (NICs)
* Power Backup
63
What are the main types of Internet servers?
* Web Servers
* Application Servers
* Database Servers
* Mail Servers
* File Servers
* DNS Servers
* Proxy Servers
* Game Servers
64
What does cloud computing provide in terms of server technology?
Elastic, on-demand resources hosted on cloud platforms.
65
What is the purpose of load balancing in server technology?
Distributes incoming traffic across multiple servers.
66
What is a CDN?
Content Delivery Network that accelerates content delivery by caching resources.
67
What is the role of firewalls in server security?
Protect against unauthorized access.
68
What are the characteristics of HTTP?
* Stateless
* Text-Based
* Extensible
* Uses TCP/IP
* Supports Caching
69
What is the structure of an HTTP request?
1. Request Line
2. Headers
3. Request Body (Optional)
70
What does the Status Line in an HTTP response indicate?
The status of the request.
71
Name an HTTP method that is idempotent.
GET, PUT, DELETE
72
What status code indicates a successful request?
200 OK
73
What does a 404 status code indicate?
Resource does not exist.
74
What is HTTP/0.9?
The first version of HTTP introduced in 1991.
75
What does '301 Moved Permanently' indicate?
Resource has a new URL
76
What does '302 Found' signify?
Temporary redirection
77
What does '304 Not Modified' mean?
Cached version can be used
78
What does the '400 Bad Request' error indicate?
Invalid request format
79
What does '401 Unauthorized' signify?
Authentication required
80
What does '403 Forbidden' mean?
Access denied
81
What does '404 Not Found' indicate?
Resource does not exist
82
What does the '500 Internal Server Error' indicate?
Server encountered an error
83
What does '502 Bad Gateway' signify?
Server received an invalid response from another server
84
What does '503 Service Unavailable' mean?
Server is overloaded or down
85
What was the first version of HTTP?
HTTP/0.9 (1991)
86
What significant feature was introduced in HTTP/1.0?
Introduced headers for metadata
87
What is a key feature of HTTP/1.1?
Persistent connections (keep-alive) for multiple requests per connection
88
What year was HTTP/2 released?
2015
89
What are the advantages of HTTP/2 over previous versions?
Multiplexing, Binary Protocol, Header Compression
90
What does HTTP/3 use instead of TCP?
QUIC for lower latency
91
What is HTTPS?
An encrypted version of HTTP that uses SSL/TLS for security
92
What port does HTTP use?
80
93
What port does HTTPS use?
443
94
How does HTTPS protect against attacks?
Protects against hacking, MITM attacks
95
Which HTTP header identifies the browser/client?
User-Agent
96
What does the Accept header do?
Specifies acceptable response formats (JSON, HTML, etc.)
97
What is the purpose of the Authorization header?
Used for authentication (e.g., Bearer Token)
98
Which header specifies the data format in a response?
Content-Type
99
What does Cache-Control control?
Controls caching (no-cache, max-age=3600)
100
What does the Expires header determine?
Cache duration
101
What is an ETag?
Unique identifier for versioning
102
What is the purpose of MIME?
Enables transmission of multimedia files, attachments, and non-ASCII text over email
103
What does MIME allow in email communication?
* Non-ASCII Characters
* Attachments
* Multiple Content Types
* Inline Multimedia
104
What is a MIME Header?
Additional headers that define content types, encoding, and formatting
105
What does the Content-Type header define?
The type of content being sent (e.g., text/html, image/png)
106
What is Base64 Encoding used for?
Converts binary data into a textual format for compatibility with 7-bit email systems
107
What does the multipart/mixed MIME type do?
Contains attachments and message body
108
What is the purpose of the Content-Disposition header?
Indicates whether content should be displayed inline or as an attachment
109
What is the main disadvantage of MIME?
Increases email size by ~33% due to Base64 encoding
110
What does CGI stand for?
Common Gateway Interface
111
How does CGI work?
Acts as a bridge between the web server and external applications
112
What is the role of environment variables in CGI?
Pass data between the server and the script
113
What is a common disadvantage of CGI?
Performance issues due to the creation of a new process for every request
114
What is the Document Object Model (DOM)?
A programming interface that represents structured documents as a tree-like hierarchy
115
What does the DOM allow scripts to do?
* Access
* Modify
* Manipulate the structure, style, and content of a web page
116
What is the root node in the DOM tree structure?
The document
117
What type of node represents HTML elements in the DOM?
Element Node
118
What does the DOM stand for?
Document Object Model
119
What is the purpose of the Document Node in the DOM?
Represents the entire HTML document
120
What does an Element Node represent?
HTML elements
121
What is a Text Node used for?
Stores the actual text inside an element
122
What does an Attribute Node represent?
Attributes of elements
123
What is the function of a Comment Node?
Represents comments in HTML
124
How can you select an element by its id using JavaScript?
document.getElementById(id)
125
What method is used to select elements by class?
document.getElementsByClassName(class)
126
Which method selects elements by tag name?
document.getElementsByTagName(tag)
127
What does document.querySelector(selector) do?
Selects the first element that matches the CSS selector
128
What is the method used to select all elements matching a CSS selector?
document.querySelectorAll(selector)
129
Fill in the blank: To change the text inside an element, you use _______.
element.textContent
130
Which method is used to modify attributes of an element?
element.setAttribute(attribute, value)
131
What is the purpose of element.getAttribute(attribute)?
Retrieves attributes
132
How do you change the CSS styles of an element directly?
element.style.property
133
What method creates a new element in the DOM?
document.createElement(tag)
134
How can you add a new element inside another element?
parent.appendChild(child)
135
What method is used to remove an element from the DOM?
parent.removeChild(child)
136
What allows JavaScript to respond to user interactions like clicks?
Events
137
How do you add an event listener to an element?
element.addEventListener('event', function)
138
What event is triggered when a user clicks an element?
click
139
What does the property parentNode do?
Selects the parent of an element
140
How can you get all child nodes of an element?
childNodes
141
What methods get the first and last child node?
firstChild / lastChild
142
What does nextSibling do?
Moves to the next node
143
What is the main takeaway about the DOM?
It enables dynamic interaction with web pages
144
True or False: The DOM is fundamental for frontend development.
True
