Module 1 Flashcards
There six levels of organization of the body- what are they?
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Excretion involves which body systems?
Urinary, respiratory, digestive
What are epithelial cells specialized for?
Absorption and secretion
Types of connective tissue
Bones, tendon, blood, and ligament
Ventral
Towards front of body
Dorsal
Towards back of body
Intermediate
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Cephalic
Superior
Claudal
Inferior
Radial deviation
lateral movement of the wrist towards the radius
Ulnar deviation
medial movement of the wrist towards the ulna
Pronation
rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly or rotation of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces laterally
Supination
rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly or rotation of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces medially
Appendicular skeleton
Appendages
Sagittal plane
Divides body into right and left
Frontal plane
Divides body into anterior and posterior
Transverse plane
Divides body into inferior and superior
Oblique sections
Diagonal sections
Dorsal cavity
Contains cranial and spinal cavities
Ventral cavity
Anterior, contains thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Thoracic cavity
Heart and lungs, ribs sternum
Pleural cavities
Two, each contain a lung
Pericardial cavity
Contains heart
Serosa
Serous membrane that lines outer surface of organs and body cavities. Provides lubrication and prevents friction.
Pleurisy
Inflammation of serosa in the pleural cavity resulting in friction and “sticking” between lining of pleural cavity and lungs
Upper transverse plane of abdomen
R hypochondriac, epigastric, L hypochondriac
Middle transverse plane of abdomen
R lumbar, periumbilical, L lumbar
Lower transverse plane of abdomen
R hypogastric/iliac, hypogastric, L hypogastric/iliac
Oral cavity
Mouth, teeth, tongue
Orbital cavity
Eyes
Middle ear cavities contain?
Malleus, incus, stapes
Synovial cavities
House joints
Frontal plane is also known as
Coronal plane
Cell theory
Cells are the basic unit of life and cells arise from other cells
Endospore
A dormant, extremely durable cell formed in adverse conditions that can reactivate and become metabolically active
Golgi apparatus
Receives proteins and lipids synthesized by ER, packages into vesicles, and transports to plasma membrane/for secretion/to lysosomes. Also synthesized lysosomes and vesicles.
Tay-Sachs
Deleterious mutation in lysosomal protein that results in buildup of a toxic lipid in neurons and subsequent intellectual disability/death
Microtubules
Composed of tubulin monomers, involved in segregation of chromosomes and formation of cilia/flagella.
Microfilaments
Composed of actin monomers, make up muscle fibers and divide daughter cells during cytokinesis
Cell coat
Polysaccharide side chains involved in cell-cell communication and adhesion
Extracellular matrix
Contains collagen, structural support for cells, involved in migration, communication
Fluid-mosiac model
Membrane is a phospholipid bi-layer in which proteins are either partially or entirely embedded, like tiles in a mosaic picture. Proteins move freely about membrane.
How does cholesterol impart resistance to temperature changes?
The cholesterol molecules act as spacers between the tails to reduce solidification during low temperatures. Cholesterol also stabilizes the head during elevated temperatures by restricting motion and preventing movement as energy is added to the system.
Integral proteins vs peripheral proteins
Integral proteins span entire membrane, peripheral proteins only have domains spanning one side.
Facilitated diffusion
An integral carrier protein specific for a certain molecule temporarily binds to the molecule and then releases it to the other side. Upon binding with the polar molecule, the protein changes shape, opening a channel for movement across the membrane.
Active transport
Molecules are pumped against concentration gradient, requires ATP.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Receptor proteins (integral) in a cell membrane bind with a signaling molecule sent from another cell. The signaling molecule (known in general as a ligand) is often in the form of a hormone. The receptor protein is responsible for transferring the signal across the membrane. When the ligand binds to the receptor protein, it changes the shape of the protein. Because the receptor protein is in close proximity to other proteins, their shapes are also affected. This can result in specific enzymes being activated (enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions). These enzymes can catalyze the release of energy from ATP or other high energy molecules which power metabolic and structural changes within the cell
