Module 1 Flashcards
there are six levels of organization of the body, what are they?
-chemical level
-cellular level
-tissue level
-organ level
-organ systems level
-organism level
the necessary life function that protects out internal environment from our external environment is provided by what system?
the integumentary system
the function of movement is provided by what system?
the muscular system
*muscles attach to bones to enable movement
*3 types: cardiac (<3), skeletal (throughout body, voluntary), and smooth (digestive tract)
the function of digestion is provided by what system?
the digestive system
what is anabolism?
when simple structures are transformed into more complex structures
*ex. cellular respiration
what is catabolism?
breakdown of complex cellular structures into simpler ones
*think CAT 5 hurricane, a large storm that breaks things apart in its path
excretion involves what systems?
respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems
*excretion=the ability to remove waste from the body
the reproductive system is controlled by what other system?
the endocrine system
*cellular reproduction is controlled by hormones in the endocrine system
which tissue covers the body surface and lines the cavities of the body?
epithelial tissue
*many layers, sheds away
name the three steps in cellular respiration
- glycolysis
- citric acid cycle
- electron transport chain
what is the purpose of ATP?
power for cellular activity/energy for cells to function
epithelial cells perform what types of functions?
secretion and absorption
*these cells are under constant cell division to replace dead cells that shed away
what are the four basic tissue types?
- Epithelial Tissue
- Muscular Tissue
- Connective Tissue
- Nervous Tissue
what are the major body systems
-Integumentary System
-Skeletal System
-Muscular System
-Nervous System
-Digestive System
-Lymphatic System (part of Circulatory System)
-Respiratory System
-Urinary System
-Reproductive System
toward or at the body surface is known as what direction?
superficial/external
away from the body surface is what direction?
deep/internal
between a more medial and a more lateral structure is what orientation?
intermediate
toward or at the midline of the body or on the inner side of is what direction?
medial
away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body is what direction?
inferior/caudal
toward the head end or upper part of a structure (above) is what direction?
superior/cranial
toward the front of the body is what direction?
anterior/ventral
is the knee proximal or distal to the pelvis?
distal
is the elbow proximal or distal to the hand?
proximal
toward or at the back of the body is what direction?
posterior/dorsal
closing of a joint is what action?
flexion
opening of a joint it what action?
extension
in anatomical position are the hands in pronation or supination?
the hands are in supination
*palms face forward, thumbs point away from the body
describe anatomical position
subject is standing erect, feet flat on the floor, arms by sides and palms facing forward (hands in supination), face and eyes facing forward
why are the hands in the position they are in anatomical position?
the hands are in supination in anatomical position so that the ulna and the radius are not crossed
define elevation(1) and depression(2)
- when a structure is moving upward
- when a structure is moving downward
ex. mandible (lower jaw)
define retraction(1) and protraction(2)
- when movement of a structure is drawn backward (posteriorly)
- when movement of a structure is drawn forward (anteriorly)
ex. scapula
this body division includes the head, neck, and trunk
the axial region
this is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
the sagittal plane
these planes lie vertically and divide the body into anterior and posterior parts
the frontal plane
a transverse plane divides the body into these two parts
superior and inferior parts
these cuts/sections are made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes
oblique sections
this body cavity protects the nervous system
Dorsal Cavity
this body cavity encases the brain
cranial cavity
this body cavity encloses the spinal cord
spinal cavity
the frontal plane is also known as this plane
coronal plane
the ventral body cavity is divided into these two cavities
thoracic and abdominopelvic
this cavity encloses the heart
the pericardial cavity
the outer surfaces of the organs and body cavities are covered by this double layer membrane called the
serous membrane (serosa)
*visceral covers organs, parietal covers the outside layer
what is pleurisy
pleurisy is when the serosa inside the pleural cavities is inflamed. This is very painful when it occurs because it prevents the organs from moving smoothly across each other
the abdominopelvic region is divided into what four quadrants?
Right Upper Quadrant RUQ
Right Lower Quadrant RLQ
Left Upper Quadrant LUQ
Left Lower Quadrant LLQ
this region surrounds the naval
the umbilical region
this region houses the pelvis
the pelvic cavity/ the iliac
this cavity houses the teeth and tongue
the oral cavity
this cavity houses the eyes
the orbital cavity
joints are lined with what
synovial fluid
this cavity contains the tiny ear bones, name them
-the middle ear cavity
-malleus, incus, stapes
explain why active metabolizing cells need to be relatively small
the smaller cell is more active because relative to its volume its surface area is larger than a bigger cell. with larger surface area (relative to its volume) this allows the metabolic processes to occur faster
explain the three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
- prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells
- eukaryotic cells are membrane bound, prokaryotic cells do not have membrane bound organelles
- the DNA of a prokaryotic cell is free floating (prokaryotic means ‘before the nucleus’)and the DNA of eukaryotic cells is found in the nucleus
nucleus
the cell’s control center, houses DNA and directs all cellular activity by controlling gene expression
ribosomes
like tiny factories, they take instruction from the DNA and use it to assemble proteins to be used by the cell
smooth ER
the ER with no attached ribosomes. responsible for making lipids
rough ER
modifies and transports proteins derived from the ribosomes found on its surface
*like the cellular highway. how proteins are transported through cytoplasm
RNA
take the coded amino acid sequence from nucleus to ribosome for protein synthesis.
endospore
dormant, extremely durable cell produced by the bacteria clostridium botulinum which can lead to botulism.
Golgi Complex
Like the cell’s Post office. Receives lipids and proteins from the ER, modifies and packages them up so they are ready to be shipped out to other parts of the cell, or outside the cell. Also creates lysosomes.
lysosomes
possess digestive enzymes which break down biomacromolecules.
*like the cell’s recycling center
mitochondria
like the power plant of the cell, convert the chemical energy found in food into ATP through cellular respiration.
plasma membrane
the gatekeeper of the cell. It surrounds the cell and regulates everything that comes in and out of the cell through specialized “pumps” and “gates”
microtubules(1) and microfilaments(2)
the two protein fibers that compose the cytoskeleton
1.hollow tubes anchored to the MTOC that provide structure to the cell and of cilia and flagella
2. two flexible, intertwined chains of actin that are essential for maintaining cell shape, cell movement, cell division and muscle contraction (works with myosin)
extracellular matrix
secreted by many eukaryotic cells and surrounds the cell/cell coat. It contains collagen which provides structure and holds the cell together.
describe aerobic respiration and the purpose of ATP production
eukaryotic cells require mitochondria to convert the chemical energy found in food (glucose) into ATP. The process is called aerobic respiration. During this process, oxygen is required to break down food. Carbon Dioxide, water, and ATP are produced.
The purpose of ATP production is so cells have energy to function. It’s like gas for a car, cells need ATP to “go”.
explain what happens in Tay-Sachs disease
Tay-Sachs is a genetic disease where your body’s lysosomes are missing a digestive enzyme that is supposed to break down a toxic lipid in your brain. Because this enzyme is missing, the lipid builds up and causes intellectual disability and death.
eukaryotic cells/prokaryotic cells
-Eukaryotic cells are found in plants, animals and humans. 10-100x larger than Prokaryotic cells, they have a nuclear membrane that houses DNA and defined organelles
-Prokaryotic cells are simple cells found in bacteria. They are smaller than Eukaryotic cells, their DNA is free floating (not in the nucleus), and they do not have membrane-bound organelles
membranes
thin layers of tissue that cover a surface, line a cavity, or divide a space or an organ
diffusion (aka passive transport)
substances move along their concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. this happens naturally/passively and does not require effort from the call
active transport
when particles are moves against their concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. this takes effort and requires energy from the cell.
*like a salmon swimming upstream
endocytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
*special transport method for large particles that can’t use a carrier protein
*3 types: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis
proteins
Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues.
a complex molecule made up of amino acids.
isotonic/hypertonic/hypotonic
isotonic: There is an equal amount of solutes on each side of a membrane. cell is balanced
hypertonic: There is more solutes outside of the cell than on the inside of the cell. cell shrinks (water goes out to balance concentration)
hypotonic: There is more solutes inside of the cell than outside of the cell. cell swells and potentially bursts (water comes in to balance concentration)
