Module 1 Flashcards by MARIAH JANE SICAM

A ________ is just an integrated circuit.On its own, without a surrounding circuit and applied voltages, it is quite useless.

microprocessor

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A useful microprocessor-based computer system must have a ______ , _______ , _______

memory, I/O devices, processing unit

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the central processing of a computer which includes the ALU, register unit, and control unit, all integrated in a single IC.

Microprocessor or MPU

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a complete computing system with memory, microprocessor, and I/O unit.

Microcomputer

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a single chip microcomputer consisting of microprocessor, memory, and I/O unit.

Microcontroller or MCU

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Law that states that the number of transistors per square inch on Integrated Circuits doubles approximately every two years.

Moore’s Law

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Level of Integration with 1,000 to 10, 000 gates

Large Scale Integration (LSI)

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complementary MOSFETs designed using symmetrical pairs of p- and n- channel.

CMOS Logic

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True or False

Less chip area is demanded by an Individual MOS transistor, which results in more functions in less area.

True

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True or False

Dynamic circuit techniques are practical in MOS technology, but not in bipolar technology. A dynamic circuit technique involves use of fewer transistors to realize a circuit function.

True

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In 1959, the first IC was developed by ___ ___

Jack Kilby

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In 1959, the first practical IC was developed by _____ ______

Robert Noyce

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First Microprocessor was developed by ______ in partnership with Intel

BUSICOM

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8-bit (1st generation)
16 kb of memory
48 instructions

INTEL 8008

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4 bit / 1 nibble microprocessor
1st microprocessor by Intel 45 instructions
Uses PMOS

INTEL 4004/4040

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8-bit microprocessor
64 kb of memory
500 KIPS

INTEL 8080

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Developed by MOSTECH
8-bit microprocessor
16-bit address

6502

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1 MB of memory
1st 16 bit MPU (2.5 MIPS with 2000 instructions)
Capable of multiplication and division

INTEL 8086 INTEL 8088

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8-bit (2nd generation) microprocessor
769, 230 Ips
246 instructions
machine-code compatible with Z80

INTEL 8085

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A ______is a physical group of signal lines that has a related function within a microprocessor system

system bus

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a unidirectional bus that is used to locate a memory location or an I/O device connected to the system

Address Bus

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a bidirectional bus that carries data back and forth to a specified location with basis to the address location provided by the address bus.

Data Bus

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a collection of individual control signals used by the microprocessor to send its generated control signals to any element of the computer system.

Control Bus

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Bus _____ techniques refer to the various methods or techniques that ensure the validity of a logic level when signals are carried out on the bus

buffering

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Type ___ is a bus buffering technique which is characterized by a single source and multiple destination transfer of signals.

Type 1 design issue

fan-out

Type ____ is a bus buffering technique which is characterized by a multiple source and single destination transfer of signals.

______ is a Type 2 design which can possibly damage the devices involved because an excessive current flows from the logic 1 output to the logic 0 output.

Bus contention

What are the 3 solutions for bus contention?

1. Using tri-state buffers 2. Using Open-Collector 3.Using Multiplexer

Type ___ is a bus buffering technique which is characterized by a multiple source and multiple destination transfer of signals.

The difference between levels at the output and input in any particular family is called

Noise Margin

This is the maximum noise voltage added or subtracted to the input signal of a digital circuit that does not cause any undesirable change in the circuit output.

Noise Margin or Noise Immunity

This is the difference between the worst-case voltage at the output and the minimum or maximum voltage to be recognized at the input.

Noise Margin

They refer to the flow of conventional current from the positive, which is the _____ end, to the ground, which is the ____ end.

sourcing; sinking

This specifies the number of standard loads or maximum number of inputs that can be connected to the output of a gate without degrading its normal operation.

Fan Out

It is calculated from the amount of current available in the output of the gate and the amount of current needed in each input of a gate.

Fan Out

When gate inputs change, outputs do not change instantaneously. This delay is known as gate or _____.

propagation delay.

It is calculated from the supply voltage VCC and the current ICC that is drawn by the circuit.

Power Dissipation

It is used to send information from one component into another and has the job of establishing communication with the external unit.

Bus Unit

_____ are composed of group of flip flops, each one shares a common clock and is capable of storing one bit of information or modify stored binary word.

Registers

They are generally used as data storage and are directly connected to the data bus. The more the number of GPR, the more powerful the microprocessor is.

General Purpose Registers (GPR) A and B

The register that works very closely with the ALU. All results of the processes performed by the ALU is stored in this register. This is the major register that holds data for manipulation. It is considered as the most versatile register because its content always changes.

Accumulator (AC)

It is used to hold the status of the microprocessor after performing an operation. It is sometimes referred to as Flag Register, Condition Code Register, or the Indicator Register.

Status Register

It is used to hold the instruction code or operation code (opcode). The outputs of this register are the inputs to the instruction decoder.

Instruction Register (IR)

It contains the address of the next instruction to be performed by the MPU. It automatically increments as soon as it is finished with the memory location.

Program Counter (PC)

This is where the data to be stored to or retrieved from the memory are placed. This register also loads the fetched instruction from the memory going to instruction register.

Memory Data Register (MDR)

This is where the addresses of data and instructions can be located.

Memory Address Register (MAR)

This register points to the data or instruction on the top of the stack. This is where data or instruction temporarily not in use is stored. It uses a Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) algorithm.

Stack Pointer (SP)

Placing data to the stack invokes a _____ operation while retrieving data from the stack invokes a ____ operation.

PUSH; POP

the least significant byte is to be stored in lower address.

Little Endian

the most significant byte is to be stored in lower address

Big Endian

Index or base index register is used as an aid in addressing data in tables stored in memory. It can be incremented or decremented.

Index Register (IX) or Base Index Register (BX)

It contains the microprocessor’s data processing major logic and performs arithmetic and logic operations. It is composed of adders/subtracters, comparators, and different combinational circuits.

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

The ______ directs the operation of the microprocessor. It tells the computer’s memory, ALU, and I/O devices how to respond to program’s instructions.

control unit

The _______ is the circuit responsible for synthesizing and decoding the instructions fed or received by the microprocessor.

instruction decoder

The _____ circuit is used to synchronize the operation of the different parts of the microprocessor.

timing

The ______ is used to send the control signals flowing in the control bus to enable the different parts of the microprocessor unit.

control logic

_____ identify the data that are to be processed as the microprocessor carries out the operation specified by the opcode. Operands can be from registers, memory data, or immediate values.

Operands

____ is the part of the instruction that identifies the operation that is to be performed. Each of these is assigned a unique letter combination called a mnemonic.

Opcode

There are four data types that a microprocessor can understand and process.

Unsigned and Signed Integers Unpacked and Packed Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) Single and Double Precision Floating Point Format Alphanumeric Codes