Module 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Define Structural Isomerism
A
Structural Isomerism is where compounds have the same molecular formula but different structures (arrangements of atoms)
2
Q
What is Stereoisomers ?
A
Molecules with the same structural formula but with different different arrangements of atoms
3
Q
What is the general formula for alkanes?
A
C_nH_(2n+2)
4
Q
True or False: Alkenes contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
A
True
5
Q
Fill in the blank: The functional group of alcohols is ______.
A
-OH
6
Q
What type of reaction involves the addition of hydrogen to an alkene?
A
Hydrogenation
7
Q
Which type of isomerism occurs when compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements?
A
Structural isomerism
8
Q
What is the IUPAC name for CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3?
A
Butane
9
Q
True or False: Aromatic compounds contain a benzene ring.
A
True
10
Q
What is the primary feature of a functional group?
A
It determines the chemical reactivity of the compound.
11
Q
What is the general formula for alkenes?
A
C_nH_(2n)
12
Q
Which of the following is a characteristic of aldehydes? A) Contains a carbonyl group B) Found at the end of the carbon chain C) Both A and B
A
C) Both A and B
13
Q
Name the process by which an alkene is converted to an alcohol.
A
Hydration
14
Q
Fill in the blank: The functional group of carboxylic acids is ______.
A
-COOH
15
Q
What type of reaction occurs when a compound loses electrons?
A
Oxidation
16
Q
True or False: The boiling points of alcohols are generally higher than those of alkanes of similar molecular weight.
A
True
17
Q
What is the primary difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?
A
Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds, while unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bonds.
18
Q
Which compound is an example of a ketone?
A
Propanone (acetone)
19
Q
What does the term ‘hydrocarbon’ refer to?
A
Compounds composed only of hydrogen and carbon.
20
Q
What is the IUPAC name for the compound with the formula C2H5OH?
A
Ethanol
21
Q
True or False: Alkanes can participate in addition reactions.
A
False
22
Q
What is a key characteristic of nucleophiles?
A
They are electron-rich species that can donate an electron pair.
23
Q
Fill in the blank: The process of breaking a bond by the addition of water is called ______.
A
Hydrolysis
24
Q
What is the structural formula for ethylene?
A
H2C=CH2
25
Which type of reaction involves the substitution of one atom or group for another in a molecule?
Substitution reaction
26
What is the molecular formula for benzene?
C6H6
27
True or False: Secondary alcohols can be oxidized to ketones.
True
28
What is the primary product of the complete combustion of hydrocarbons?
Carbon dioxide and water
29
When butan-2-ol is heated with Phosphoric acid, a mixture of alkenes is produced. What is the name of the two isomers of this alkene
But-1-ene and But-2-ene
30
4 Characteristics of a homologous series
1)they all have the same general formula
2)they all have the same functional group
3)Similar chemical properties
4)Physical properties vary directly to the number of C atoms
31
What is the molecular mass of ethene (C2H4)?
28
## Footnote
The molecular mass of ethene is calculated based on the atomic masses of carbon and hydrogen.
32
What is the molecular mass of propene (C3H6)?
42
## Footnote
The mass difference between ethene and propene is 14.
33
What is the empirical formula of all alkenes?
CH2
## Footnote
The empirical formula represents the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound.
34
What functional group do all alkenes have?
Double bond (C=C)
## Footnote
Alkenes are characterized by the presence of a double bond between carbon atoms.
35
What functional group do all alcohols have?
Hydroxyl (OH) group
## Footnote
Alcohols are defined by the presence of a hydroxyl group.
36
Why do compounds with the same functional group have similar chemical properties?
Reactivity is determined by the functional group
## Footnote
Compounds with the same functional group will react similarly due to their chemical structure.
37
What is the first step to calculate the empirical formula from percentage mass?
Divide the percentage of each element by its atomic mass
## Footnote
This converts the percentage to moles for further calculations.
38
What is the second step in calculating the empirical formula?
Divide the values obtained by the smallest number
## Footnote
This step finds the ratio of moles for each element.
39
What happens if the ratios are not whole numbers after dividing?
Multiply by a common factor
## Footnote
This ensures all ratios are whole numbers for the empirical formula.
40
What is the empirical formula of butene given 85.72% carbon and 14.28% hydrogen?
CH2
## Footnote
The empirical formula is derived from the calculated ratios of moles of carbon and hydrogen.
41
What does the molecular formula represent?
The actual number of each kind of atom in a molecule
## Footnote
It is a simple multiple of the empirical formula.
42
What is the molecular formula of butene if its empirical formula is CH2?
C4H8
## Footnote
The molecular formula is a multiple of the empirical formula based on the compound's molar mass.
43
What two pieces of information are required to calculate the molecular formula of a compound?
Empirical formula mass and molar mass of the compound
## Footnote
These values are essential for determining the molecular formula.
44
What is the molecular formula for the compound represented as -6x (CH) =CH?
6x (CH) =CH
## Footnote
This formula indicates the composition of the molecule, highlighting the presence of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
45
What does a structural formula represent?
It shows the bonds in the molecule and the location of the atoms
## Footnote
A structural formula provides a detailed view of how atoms are connected in a molecule.
46
What is the displayed formula?
A formula where all the bonds are clearly shown with the location of the atoms
## Footnote
For example, the displayed formula for ethanol is HCCOH.
47
Provide an example of a displayed formula.
HCCOH
## Footnote
This represents ethanol, a type of alcohol.
48
What is a condensed structural formula?
It shows the placement of atoms in the molecule without showing all the bonds
## Footnote
Condensed structural formulas simplify the representation of molecules.
49
Provide an example of a condensed structural formula for ethanol.
CH3CH2OH
## Footnote
This formula indicates the arrangement of atoms in ethanol.
50
What is the condensed structural formula for propane?
CH3CH2CH3
## Footnote
This formula represents the three carbon atoms in propane.
51
True or False: The displayed formula shows all bonds and atoms in a molecule.
True
## Footnote
This is a defining characteristic of displayed formulas.
52
Fill in the blank: The structural formula is displayed in a way that shows _______.
bonds and atom locations
53
What is isomerism?
Occurs when an organic molecule has the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
## Footnote
Isomers can have different physical and chemical properties despite having the same molecular formula.
54
What are the two main groups of isomers?
1. Structural isomers
2. Stereoisomers
## Footnote
These groups categorize isomers based on their structural differences.
55
Define structural isomers.
Isomers that have the same molecular formula but different bonding arrangements
## Footnote
Structural isomers can include variations in the connectivity of the atoms.
56
What are stereoisomers?
Isomers where atoms are attached in the same bonding order but arranged differently in space
## Footnote
Stereoisomers include geometric isomers and optical isomers.
57
What are chain isomers?
Isomers that have different arrangements of carbon chains but belong to the same homologous series
## Footnote
An example of chain isomers includes 2-methylpropane and butane.
58
Fill in the blank: Chain isomers have different arrangements of _______ but belong to the same homologous series.
carbon chains
## Footnote
Homologous series refers to a group of compounds that differ by a constant unit, such as -CH₂-.
59
What is the definition of isomers?
Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.
60
What are positional isomers?
Positional isomers have functional groups located at different positions on the same carbon skeleton.
61
Give an example of positional isomers.
* butan-1-ol
* but-1-ene
62
What distinguishes functional group isomers?
Functional group isomers have different functional groups and belong to different homologous series.
63
Provide an example of functional group isomers.
* propanoic acid
* methyl ethanoate
64
True or False: Positional isomers belong to different homologous series.
False
65
Fill in the blank: Functional group isomers exist between compounds which have different _______ and belong to different homologous series.
functional groups
66
What are the two types of isomers discussed?
* Positional isomers
* Functional group isomers
67
What is an example of an aldehyde?
propanal
68
What is an example of a ketone?
propanone
69
What is butan-2-ol classified as?
A positional isomer
70
What is but-2-ene classified as?
A positional isomer
71
What are stereoisomers?
Compounds with the same molecular and structural formula but different spatial arrangements of atoms or groups of atoms.
## Footnote
Stereoisomers differ only in the orientation of atoms in space.
72
What are the two types of stereoisomerism?
Geometric isomerism and optical isomerism.
## Footnote
These types highlight different ways in which stereoisomers can differ.
73
What causes geometric isomerism?
Restriction of rotation about a double bond (C=C).
## Footnote
This occurs in compounds with alkene linkages.
74
What are the requirements for a compound to exhibit geometric isomerism?
* Must contain a double bond
* Must have two identical groups attached to adjacent C atoms
* Must have two different groups attached to each C on the double bond.
## Footnote
These conditions are necessary for cis-trans isomerism.
75
What is the cis isomer of but-2-ene?
When both identical groups (H atoms) are on the same side of the double bond.
## Footnote
This orientation leads to a specific geometric isomer.
76
What is the trans isomer of but-2-ene?
When the identical groups (H atoms) are on opposite sides of the double bond.
## Footnote
This orientation leads to a different geometric isomer.
77
How do geometric isomers differ?
They may differ in physical and chemical properties.
## Footnote
This can affect their reactivity and interactions.
78
What is optical isomerism?
The ability of optical isomers to rotate a plane of polarized light.
## Footnote
These compounds are referred to as optically active.
79
What happens when an optically active compound is placed in a polarimeter?
It rotates a plane of polarized light.
## Footnote
The degree of rotation can be measured to determine the specific optical activity.
