Module 1 Flashcards
Explain the concept of development
Development is a process of change and
growth in societies which improves people’s
quality of life.
Describe the 3 aspects of development
Political aspect of development is
when people have more freedom and
justice in a country.
Economic aspect of development is when a country
produces more or enough for everyone and gets richer.
Social aspect of development is when people’s basic
needs are fully met.
The social characteristics of developing countries
have poor and inadequate social
facilities, for example, school and
hospitals.
low urbanisation levels, for
example, most people live in the
rural areas.
have low life expectancy. have few stable democracies
have high birth rates
have high illiteracy levels
the economic characteristics of developing countries
Developing countries depend on
raw materials for export, for
example, crop and minerals.
Developing countries have low
levels of industrialisation.
They have high levels of
unemployment
Developed countries have low
incomes and widespread
poverty.
Developed countries have poorly
developed infrastructure.
They have low GNP/GDP
Developed countries have
dependence on subsistence
agriculture
social characteristics of developed countries
High levels of literacy
Good and adequate social
facilities, for example,
clinics/ hospitals and schools
High calorie intake or food
intake
Low birth rates and low
population growth rate
High levels of urbanization
economic characteristics of developed countries
High industrialised
High employment levels
High levels of income
Highly developed
infrastructure
High GNP/ GDP
High energy consumption
why developed countries are highly developed
Developed countries use advanced technology to produce
goods and services.
Developed countries have long history of urbanisation.
Colonialism is the other reason why developed countries are
highly developed.
Developed countries are highly developed because of
importation of raw materials at cheap rates from Less
Developed Countries.
Developed countries are selling or exporting expensive
manufactured goods
In developed countries, there are highly skilled and
productive work forces.
Developed countries have control and domination of the
World Trade.
why developing counties are under developed
The slave trade which depleted Africa’s human resources.
Colonialism /imperialism that exploited Africa, for example,
took raw materials.
Developing countries use backward or poor technology.
Developing countries depend on cheap raw materials for
export.
Developed countries set unfair international trading terms
that disadvantage developing countries.
Developing countries have unskilled and less productive
labour force.
Huge foreign debts.
Neo-colonialism, for example, domination of the economies
by developed countries through Trans National Companies
reasons why NIC’s developed so fast
The NIC’s have heavy investment in science and technology
education.
They have large scale foreign direct investment, for example,
Multi-National Companies/ Trans National Companies.
Export Oriented Industrialisation based on the production of
consumer goods for the world market.
Foreign Aid from the developed western countries in an
attempt to stop the spread of communism, for example,
South East Asia.
NIC’s got loans from international financial institution, for
example, World Bank and International Monetary Fund.
NIC’s have technology transfer from the Western countries
They have cheap labour costs that helped to attract foreign
investment.
NIC’s had agricultural and land reform that helped to
modernize and improve productivity.
They have heavy investment in modern infrastructure
challenges faced by NIC’s
- The challenge faced by the Newly Industrialising Countries is
that of high inflation rates/ weak currencies/ high fuel prices. - The Newly Industrialising Countries faces the challenge of
having foreign debt or debt crisis. - The challenge faced by the Newly Industrialising Countries is
that of the wide gap between the rich and the poor or huge
disparities of wealth. - The Newly Industrialised Countries are faced with the
challenge of dominance of the industrial process by MultiNational Companies who move their investment of the country. - Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the challenge of
depletion of their natural resources or damage to the
environment. - The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is that
of fast growth of the private sector which makes it difficult to
be controlled by the government. - Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the challenge of
exploitation of workers by the employer. - The Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the
challenge of declining exports because of tough competition
from the mostly developed countries or in the world market. - The challenge faced by the Newly Industrialising Countries is
that of high expenditure on imports and less on exports. - Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the challenge of
declining real income. - The Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the
challenge of corruption. - Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the challenge of
urban poverty.
reasons of differences between levels of development between developed and developing countries
The differences in levels of development between developed
and developing countries is that developed countries export
finished goods whereas developing countries export raw
materials.
- Developed countries have skilled manpower because they
have many educational institutions and developing countries
have brain drain because most of skilled people prefer
working in developed countries.
- The difference in levels of development between developed
countries and developing countries is that developed countries
dominate or control world trade whereas developing
countries have less control over world trade.
- Developed countries have many Multinational companies
which contribute towards government revenue by paying tax
and developed countries have huge debts because they have
only few companies that export finished goods.
- There is peace in developed countries whereas developing
countries are involved in political instabilities caused by wars
and civil strife.
- Developed countries policies are directed to high
infrastructural development while developing countries
policies are directed towards poverty and disease eradication.
- The difference in levels of development between developed
countries and developing countries is that developed countries
use advanced technology to produce goods whereas
developing countries use simple technology to produce goods.
- Developed countries have high skilled manpower whereas
developing countries have shortage of skilled manpower.
- Developed countries have created dependency syndrome in
developing countries by giving them aid or assistance, for
example, foreign aid in the form of grants and loans.
factors that slow down development in developing countries
- The factor that slows down development in the developing
countries is lack of funds. - Developing countries have slow down development because of
use of poor technology to produce goods and services. - The slowdown in development of developing countries is
caused by lack of skilled labour because of poor education. - The factor that slow down development in developing countries
is caused by wars and conflicts. - Developing countries have slow down development because
they have high populations. - The slowdown in development in developing countries is
caused by corruption and mismanagement of public funds by
most of the leaders for their own personal benefit. - Developing countries have slowdown in development due to
brain drain because many skilled people in developing
countries prefer working in developed countries. - The factor that slows down development in developing
countries is dependency syndrome. This means developing
depend on developed countries in order for them to develop. - Developing countries are involved in foreign debts which slow
down their development, for example, they get loans from
financial institutions such as the World Bank, International
Monetary Fund and developed countries
what is infant mortality rate
- Infant mortality rate number of babies who die before their
first birthday per thousand per year in a country.
reasons why developing countries have a high infant mortality rate
- Developing countries have high doctor patient ratio/ inadequate
access to health care because there are few trained doctors and
nurses. - There is poor nutrition in developing countries leading to such
health conditions as kwashiorkor - In developing infant mortality rate is caused by teenage
pregnancy which may lead to delivery complications. - Infant mortality rate is caused by pandemic diseases such
HIV/AIDS because some of the babies are born with the virus. - The reason why developing countries have high infant mortality
rate is Poor sanitation / unhygienic conditions - Developing countries have high infant mortality rate because of
poor care / parent negligence
reasons why developed countries have a low infant mortality rate
- Developed countries have adequate health facilities where
health care is provided by trained doctors and nurses. - Low infant mortality rate in developed countries is caused by
immunisation programmes that help to eradicate child killer
diseases, for example, cholera, malaria and polio. - Developed countries have low infant mortality rate because of
adequate and balanced nutrition. - Low infant mortality rate in developed countries is caused by
good sanitation and hygiene. - Infant mortality rate is low in developing countries because of
high living standard.
what is life expectancy
- Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is
likely to live in a country
reasons why life expectancy is rising
- The life expectancy is rising in the world because cleaner water
supplies to prevent waterborne diseases such as cholera. - The governments of the world provide better sanitation to their
citizens to improve hygiene. - The world life expectancy is rising due to provision better health
care whereby there is enough trained medical personnel such as
doctors and nurses. - Countries provide primary health care to citizens which focuses
on the prevention of diseases and giving assistance to the sick,
for example, provision of clean water, health education and
immunisation programme
what is calorie intake
- Calorie intake is the energy value of the food eaten in a
country
reasons for low calorie intake in developing countries
- The reason for low calorie intake in developing countries is
that there is high unemployment so less money to buy food - There is lack of purchasable food in some areas
- Developing countries have quality and quantity food
shortage because of drought - The high illiteracy rate in developing countries lead to
inability to determine food quality - Developing countries have low calorie intake because of low
productivity in agriculture. - Low calorie intake in developing countries is caused by
drought and famines. - Developing countries have low calorie intake due to wars
and political instability
reasons for high calorie intake
- Developed countries have high calorie intake because of
high income because most of the people are employed. - High calorie intake in developed countries is caused by
surplus food production. - Developed countries have high calorie intake due to high
levels of education. - Calorie intake is high in developed countries because of the
use of advanced technology to produce food.
define literacy rate
Literacy rate is the percentage of the population or average
number of people who are able to read and write in a
country.
importance of literacy rate in development
- The importance of literacy to development is that when
people are able to read and write they are able to learn or
acquire new skills easily - They can better participate in decision making and national
campaigns e.g. elections, immunisation programmes - They can read and understand environmental issues or
conservation better - Reduces dependency on those who are literate and promotes
privacy e.g. reading own letters or mail - Literate mothers can access information on childcare leading
to better hygiene and lower IMR - Improved nutrition when the mother is literate
- They can easily find out and fill themselves application
forms e.g. at the post office, credit facilities forms and can
even write application letters for jobs etc.
