module 1 Flashcards
What is the definition of health according to WHO (1946)?
A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.
According to Payne, Hahn and Mauer’s Model, how is health defined?
A dynamic state or condition that is multi-dimensional in nature and results from a person’s adaptation to his or her environment.
What are the six dimensions of health?
- Physical
- Emotional
- Social
- Intellectual
- Spiritual
- Occupational
Define community.
A geographic area with specific boundaries or a collective body of individuals identified by common characteristics.
What are the elements of a community?
- Membership
- Common symbol systems
- Shared values and norms
- Mutual influence
- Shared needs and commitment to meeting them
- Shared emotional connection
How does the Institute of Medicine (IOM) define public health?
What we as a society do collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy.
What does community health refer to?
The health status of a defined group of people and actions and conditions to promote, protect and preserve their health.
What are the components of community health?
- Promotion of health
- Prevention of health problems
- Treatment of disorders
- Rehabilitation
- Evaluation
- Research
What is population health?
The health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group.
Define global health.
Health problems, issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries and are best addressed by cooperative actions and solutions.
What physical factors affect the health of a community?
- Geography
- Environment
- Community size
- Industrial development
What social factors arise from the interaction of individuals or groups within a community?
Factors that contribute to culture.
List the factors that contribute to culture.
- Beliefs, traditions and prejudices
- Economy
- Politics
- Religion
- Social norms
- Socio-economic status
True or False: Economic downturns can negatively impact community health.
True
How can politics affect community health?
Political decisions can improve or jeopardize the health of their community.
What role does religion play in community health?
Affects how people choose and make decisions about their health.
What are social norms?
Determines what is socially acceptable that could either be healthy or detrimental.
What is the relationship between socio-economic status and health?
Those with the lowest socio-economic status have the poorest health and the most difficulty gaining access to health care.
Define community organization.
The process by which community groups are helped to identify common problems or change targets, mobilize resources, and develop and implement strategies for reaching their collective goals.
What is herd immunity?
The more individuals become immunized against a specific disease, the slower the disease will spread and the fewer people will be exposed.
What traditional health care practices were observed during the pre-Spanish period in the Philippines?
Use of herbs and rituals for healing.
When was the first dispensary for indigent patients in Manila established?
1577
What was established in 1806 to prevent smallpox in the Philippines?
The Board of Vaccinators
What significant health-related infrastructure was established in 1876 in the Philippines?
Construction of the Carriedo waterworks
What is the significance of June 23, 1898, in the history of public health in the Philippines?
The creation of the Department of Public Works, Education and Hygiene.
What was one of the public health activities established in 1899?
A garbage crematory
What did the establishment of the first sanitary ordinance in 1901 aim to address?
Rat control measures
What are some examples of communicable diseases mentioned?
Leprosy, diarrhea, malaria, beri-beri
These diseases highlight the importance of public health measures.
What significant public health activity was established in 1899?
Garbage crematory
This was a step towards improving sanitation.
What was approved in 1901 related to public health?
First sanitary ordinance and rat control measures
These measures were crucial for controlling disease spread.
What did the establishment in 1904 confirm about amoebic dysentery?
Contaminated water and unclean vegetables were important factors
This finding helped shape public health policies.
Who was identified as the vector of malaria in 1904?
Anoepheles minimus
Understanding vectors is essential for disease control.
When was the cholera vaccine first tried?
1905
This marked an important development in vaccination efforts.
What was confirmed about the plague in 1905?
Plague in man comes from infected rats
This information was crucial for public health interventions.
What health initiative was opened in 1906?
Leper colony in Culion
This was part of efforts to manage leprosy.
What was established in 1907 regarding medical education?
UP College of Medicine with Preventive Medicine as a department
This emphasized the importance of preventive health education.
What significant legislation was enacted during the Philippine Assembly from 1907 to 1916?
Employers Liability Law
This law aimed to protect workers’ health rights.
What was included in the curriculum of public elementary schools in 1909?
Hygiene and Physiology
This was part of efforts to educate the public on health.
What was organized in 1910 related to tuberculosis?
Philippine Tuberculosis Society, Inc
This organization was critical in combating TB.
What was initiated in 1912 regarding anti-typhoid measures?
Use of anti-typhoid vaccine
This was an important step in disease prevention.
What was the first dry vaccine used against in 1913?
Smallpox
This marked progress in vaccination efforts.
What public health campaign was launched during the Jones Law years (1916-1936)?
Campaign against hookworm
This was part of efforts to improve health standards.
What was created during the Commonwealth Period (1936-1942)?
Department of Public Health and Welfare
This was a significant organizational change for health management.
What was established during the Japanese Occupation (1942)?
Board of Nutritional Research
This was crucial for addressing nutritional issues during the occupation.
What was the significant health challenge faced by the Philippines in 1945?
Rebuilding the nation’s economy and restoring peace
This context was vital for post-war health planning.
What health initiative was launched during the Martial Law years (1972-1986)?
Adoption of Primary Health Care (PHC)
This aimed to improve health access for all citizens.
What was a major project of Dr. Flavier during the Ramos Administration?
Anti-Smoking Campaign – Yosi Kadiri
This campaign targeted tobacco use among Filipinos.
What health sector reform was implemented during Joseph Ejercito Estrada’s administration?
Health Sector Reform Agenda
This transformed the DOH into a regulatory body.
What was a significant issue during Duterte’s administration regarding health funding?
Low and misallocated health sector budget
This highlighted the challenges in health resource allocation.
What act was passed in 2019 related to health care?
Universal Health Care Act
This act aimed to ensure health care access for all Filipinos.
What percentage of the country’s barangays have access to a Barangay Health Station (BHS)?
49%
What are the primary issues faced by Filipino healthcare workers?
Low wages and benefits
What is the entry-level salary range for a public nurse in the Philippines?
Php22,000 to Php23,500
How much less do Filipino nurses earn compared to their counterparts in Vietnam?
57% less
What was the reported corruption issue involving PhilHealth during the COVID-19 pandemic?
Php15-billion corruption issue
What are the four major pillars of the health care framework under Ferdinand Marcos Jr.?
- Promoting well-being
- Empowering communities
- Access to health care systems
- Capacitating measures for health system support
What is the primary function of the World Health Organization (WHO)?
Maintain international peace and security
Where are the headquarters of the World Health Organization located?
Geneva, Switzerland
Which organization serves as a purchaser of health services in the Philippines?
PhilHealth
What are the main areas of work for the World Health Organization?
- Health systems
- Non-communicable diseases
- Promoting health through the life-course
- Communicable diseases
- Preparedness, surveillance, and response
- Corporate services
What is the mission of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)?
Collaborating to create expertise, information, and tools for health protection
True or False: The Universal Health Care Law in the Philippines effectively strengthens the public health system.
False
What is the aim of the National Mental Health Program in the Philippines?
To promote mental health and provide care for mental health conditions
Fill in the blank: The Department of Health (Philippines) is responsible for ensuring access to ______ health services.
basic
What is one of the responsibilities of the Department of Health (Philippines)?
Formulation and development of national health policies
List three programs under the Department of Health (Philippines).
- Adolescent and Youth Health Program
- Cancer Control Program
- National TB Control Program
What major health crisis did the Duterte administration face during its term?
COVID-19 pandemic
What was a significant outcome of the Duterte administration’s COVID-19 response?
Human rights abuses and ineffective COVID-19 measures
What does the acronym MDG stand for in the context of health initiatives?
Millennium Development Goals
What is the primary goal of the Philippine Center for Disease Control and Prevention?
To prevent and control diseases in the population
What is the primary goal of collaborating in health promotion?
To protect health through health promotion, prevention of disease, injury, and disability, and preparedness for new health threats.
What are the key functions of health agencies?
- Coordination
- Provide programs for global health security
- Provide standards
When was SARS first reported?
2003
What virus did the CDC identify in 2009?
H1N1 virus
What health threat was reported by the CDC in March 2014?
Ebola
What does MERS-CoV stand for?
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
In what year was the Zika Virus identified by the CDC?
2016
What pandemic did the CDC respond to in 2020?
SARS-CoV2
Name one national health agency in the USA.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
What is one function of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)?
Regulating food safety and drug approval.
What is the role of the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)?
Administering the nation’s major healthcare programs.
What are the ten essential public health services?
- Monitor health status
- Diagnose and investigate health problems
- Inform, educate, and empower people
- Mobilize community partnerships
- Develop policies
- Enforce laws
- Link to/provide care
- Assure a competent workforce
- Evaluate health services
- Research for new insights
What principles guide the Philippine Red Cross (PRC)?
- Humanity
- Impartiality
- Neutrality
- Independence
- Voluntary service
- Unity
- Universality
What services does the Philippine Red Cross provide?
- National blood services
- Disaster management services
- Safety services
- Health services
- Social services
- Red Cross Youth
What is an example of a quasi-governmental health organization?
American Red Cross (ARC)
Name one philanthropic organization that works in health.
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Fill in the blank: The _______ is responsible for health promotion and disease prevention in the community.
[public health department]
True or False: The National Institute of Health (NIH) is a national health agency in the USA.
True
What is the focus of epidemiology?
The study of diseases, injury, death in the community.
