Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHAR 100 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

historical influences to pharmacology

A
  • discoveries by ancient civilizations
  • role of poisons
  • influence of religion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ancient greece drug development

A

textbook on therapeutics including opium

opium obtained from opium poppy (pain relieving capabilities)

opium contains morphine (10%) and codeine (0.5%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ancient egypt drug development

A

documents called papyri intended to be a textbook of drug use

observations of drug use specifically purgatives (cause bowel movement)

recommended drug was senna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ancient china drug development

A

classified drugs according to taste

ma huang (medium drug) used for coughs, influenza and fevers

modern era ephedrine isolated from ma huang and used to treat asthma, and a derivative of ephedrine used as a decongestant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

curare (poison) drug development

A

plant derived drug used by indigenous people

used in hunting to paralyze animals and cause death

used by anaesthetists in surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ergot (poison) drug development

A

poisonous fungus growing on the heads of rye

was mixed with rye and found in bread causing epidemics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

peyote religious use

A

peyote cactus causes mystical state (hallucinations, feeling of well being and distortion of perception) which was linked to spiritual and ritualistic use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

broad definition of drugs

A

any substance received by a biological system that is not received for nutritive purposes and which influences the biological function of the organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

two major categories of drugs

A
  • drugs that act on the brain
  • drugs that act against infectious disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

drugs acting on the brain

A

dugs that alter normal chemical signalling in the brain

LSD is the most potent hallucinogenic drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

LSD (lysergic acid diethlylamide)

A

synthesized by a albert hofmann in 1943

discovery support idea that certain mental illnesses may be due to production of potent substances in the brain causing psychic disturbance

classified as a controlled substance

evidence it may be effective in treating certain mental illnesses (depression, anxiety, addiction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

drugs acting against infectious disease

A

any disease caused by an organism

1900s
- drug to cure syphilis

1930s
- sulfa drugs to treat bacterial drugs
- now called antibiotics

1940s
- discovery of penicillin
- used in gram positive bacterial disease

1950s
- discovery of streptomycin
- treated tuberculosis and gram negative bacterial diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

gram positive/negative bacterial disease

A

positive: bacteria with thick cell walls and no outer membrane

negative: bacteria with thin cell walls and an outer membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

drug development process

A
  • drug discovery (3-6 years)
  • drug development (6-7 years)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

drug discovery process

A
  • basic research and drug discovery
  • preclinical trials
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

drug development process

A

clinical trials
- phase 1 (10 patients)
- phase 2 (100s)
- phase 3 (1000s)

health canada review and manufacturing

post market surveillance and phase IV clinical trials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

basic research and discovery

A

identification of target
- receptor that when activated causes relief or pain
- research about target to determine pharmacological effects at various levels

studying target
- compound with promise lead compound
- tests for efficacy and safety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

efficacy definition

A

max pharmacological response that can be produced by a specific drug in a biological system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

preclinical studies

A

tested in molecular / cellular studies, tissues and whole animal

pharmacology studies determines mechanisms of action of the drug

toxicology studies potential risks or harmful effects of the drug (expensive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

clinical trials initial steps

A
  • proof of safety in several animal species
  • proposed methodology
  • submission evaluated by scientists and permission given to investigate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

phase 1 clinical trials

A

evaluate absorption, distribution, elimination and adverse effects of drug

test one of two doses of the drug to test tolerability

conducted on healthy volunteers (20-80)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

phase 2 clinical trials

A

determine if the drug is effective and evaluates safety

conducted with patients with disease drug is treating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

phase 3 clinical trials

A

large number 1000+ and multi centred (dif locations)

determine how safe and effective drug is compared to no treatment (placebo) or current therapy

longer than phase 2 (months to years)

most expensive (1-50 million)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

design of phase 3 clinical trials

A
  • determining enrolment prior
  • allocating participants to treatment groups and conducting the trial
  • monitoring and analyzing results
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

phase 3 enrolment

A

people drug is tested on needs to be defined

target population group of patients the drug is intended for

inclusion/exclusion criteria + consent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

phase 3 treatment allocation

A

double blinded, investigator nor study subject aware of treatment the study subject is assigned to (randomization)

treatment or control (placebo or gold standard)

bias can occur if subject believe drug will work or investigator expects positive results lead to bias results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

phase 3 results

A

determines if the treatment was more or less effective than the control

outcome of the trial that measures effectiveness and compares it (objective and reliable manner)

compliance, quality or life and statistics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

drug patent and naming

A

manufactures come up with a drug name (generic) and a brand name for the drug

patent gives company exclusive rights to market the drug for 20 years (filed during preclinical development)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

drug bioqeuivlence

A

strict regulations in place to ensure all market drugs are as effective as the original brand name drug and are bio equivalent (same ingredients and give similar blood levels)

comparative bioavailability study conducted to compare blood levels in healthy volunteers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

phase 4 clinical trials

A

delayed or less frequent risks missed so surveillance of effects needed

post marketing surveillance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

placebo definition

A

substance masquerading as a drug

identical in appearance, colour, taste and administration method to active drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

drug action factors

A
  • drug target
  • drug response
  • efficacy and potency
  • therapeutic range
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

drug targets

A

usually receptors, also interact non specifically with biological system

many receptors exist and are distributed through body, location determines where drug acts and if response is beneficial or detrimental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

opioid receptors activation

A

activation in brain causes pain relief

activation in gastrointestinal tract causes constipation (adverse effect)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

drug target chemical reactions/forces

A

antacids neutralize stomach acid through acid base neutralization reaction

cholestyramine binds to bile acids in gastrointestinal tract preventing reabsorption and increasing elimination of bile salts used to make cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

drugs and receptors

A

drugs mimic action or block effects of ligands at the receptors

agonists stimulate receptor

antagonists block receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

drug response

A

intensity of effects by a drug increases in proportion to dose (dose response relationship)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

factors when comparing drugs

A
  • quantity
  • frequency of use
  • user demographic
  • environmental factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

dose amounts and effects

A

low dose, little response observed as few receptor activated

threshold, effect seen as more receptor activated

therapeutic dose, threshold reached small increased results in large increase response

maximal effect, once max is reached increasing amount will have no increase in therapeutic response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

effective dose

A

ED50 - dose that is effective in 50% of population

result in 50% of maximal effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

efficacy

A

max pharmacological response produced by a specific drug in that biological system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

potency

A

dose of drug required to produce a response of a certain magnitude

usually 50% maximal response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

therapeutic range

A

dose that keeps blood concentration of a drug above the minimum concentration that produces desirable response but below concentration that produced unacceptable toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

pharmacokinetic

A

refers to movement of a drug into, through and out of the body

for a drug to produced desired effect is must reach cellular site of action at the right concentration, exert its effect and then be removed from the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

administrations of drugs

A
  • topical
  • enteral
  • patenteral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

processes after administration

A

ADME
- absorption
- distribution
- metabolism
- excretion

factors determine concentration of drug in blood which determines concentration of drug at the site of action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

topical administration

A

applied directly to particular place on or in the body
- on skin
- through skin
- inhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

enteral administration

A

administration via the gastrointestinal tract
- mouth
- rectum
- sublingual (under tongue) and buccal (cheek)

47
Q

parenteral administration

A

administration bypassing the gastrointestinal tract
- intravenous
- intramuscular
- subcutaneous

48
Q

drug skin application

A

large number of drugs applied to the skin to treat mild to moderate severity skin conditions

can be absorbed and produce a systemic effect (affects the whole body or multiple organ system)

49
Q

transdermal drug delivery

A

through the skin

application if a drug to the skin for absorption into the general circulation for a systemic effect
- convenient
- delivers steady supply for several days
- bypasses enzymes of stomach, intestine and liver

can be expensive and cause local irritation

50
Q

inhalation

A

prescription or recreational, requires proper use

rapidly absorbed by lungs for local and systemic effect

small quantities required for systemic effect avoiding toxicity with oral administration

51
Q

oral drugs

A

90%+ drugs oral

most convenient and least expensive

non invasive and self administered

variable absorption between patients due to differences in intestinal motility and disease

52
Q

rectum drugs

A

systemic or local effect

can be used in patients who are nauseated or vomiting or for those in comas

digestive enzymes of stomach and intestine bypassed

limited number medication available and suitable for rectal

absorption from rectal mucosa slow, incomplete and variable depending on the time the medication is retained

53
Q

sublingual and buccual

A

enzymes of stomach intestines and liver bypassed

not all drugs are adequately absorbed

drugs may be swallowed and then drug behaves as if it were taken orally

54
Q

first pass effect

A

when drug is absorbed into the blood from the gastrointestinal tract it is first delivered to the liver which contains enzymes that decreases the amount of active drug left to enter general circulation

55
Q

intravenous

A

directly into the blood, immediate effect

used for drugs poorly absorbed if they can be made into a solution in purified water for injection

response is irreversible, highest risk for drug reactions

required human resources

preparation must be sterile and free of fever producing substances

56
Q

intramuscular

A

drug injected deep into muscle

volume is limited to 2 to 3 ml in adult

57
Q

subcutaneous

A

injected into deepest layer of skin

allows for modification of drug preparations to control timing of release of the drug from injection site

58
Q

bioavailability definition

A

fraction of an administered dose that reaches the systemic circulation (blood) in active form

59
Q

drug absorption

A

movement of drug from site of administration into the blood

drug must be able to cross the biological membranes
- diffusion through aqua pores
- diffusion through lipids
- active or carrier mediated transport

60
Q

drug distribution

A

movement of drug from blood to site of action and other tissues

concentration of drug at sites of distribution are in equilibrium with its concentration in the blood

drug distribution rate depends on blood flow of organs

61
Q

drug metabolosim

A

biotransformation - conversion of drug to a different chemical compound to eliminate it

to be eliminated from body by kidneys drug must be water soluble so drugs converted to more water soluble compounds

liver is where most biotransformation reactions occur (some in kidneys, intestines, lungs, skin and most other organs)

62
Q

drug biotransformation reactions

A

p450 enzymes capable of biotransforming drugs (found in most tissue and lots in liver)

phase 1 - add or unmask functional group of drug to prepare it for the addition of large water soluble molecule

phase 2 - add water soluble moiety

63
Q

drug excretion

A

moving drug and its metabolites out of the body

all body fluids will contain drugs and their metabolites

64
Q

kidney excretion

A

majority of drugs eliminated by kidney

drugs of sufficient water solubility excreted in urine

lipid soluble drugs reabsorbed from the kidney back into the blood

65
Q

gastrointestinal tract excretion

A

some drugs excreted through feces after they undergo biotransformation in the liver

66
Q

lungs excretion

A

volatile or gaseous form drugs excreted by lungs

anesthetics and alcohol

67
Q

breast milk excretion

A

drugs found in breast milk of nursing parents

minor route but infant can be exposed to therapeutic or toxic dose of drug

68
Q

saliva and sweat excretion

A

presence of drugs can be detected in the saliva of those who have taken it

69
Q

half life of a drug

A

the time needed for the liver and kidney to remove half the drug from the body

70
Q

factors for drug response variation

A
  • genetics
  • environmental factors
  • disease states
  • altered physiological states
  • presence of other drugs
71
Q

genetic drug response

A

variability in receptors and the way the body handles and eliminates drugs

enzymes vary between individuals, some fast and some slow biotransformers

72
Q

environmental drug response

A

exposure to certain chemicals increase liver responsible for biotransformation

72
Q

disease states disease response

A

presence of disease state may alter manner in which drugs are handled by body

73
Q

altered physiological states drug response

A

changes can influence drug response (age, pregnancy)

74
Q

toxic effects of drugs

A
  • adverse effects
  • drug-drug and drug-food interactions
75
Q

drugs present drug response

A

multiple drugs taken together one drug can change the effect of a second drug

drug-drug interactions

76
Q

adverse effects of drugs

A
  • extension of therapeutic effect
  • unrelated to the main drug action
  • allergic reaction
  • withdrawal and addiction
  • teratogenesis
  • adverse biotransformation reaction
77
Q

extension of therapeutic effect

A

occurs if there is too much of the drug in the blood

common in drug overdose

78
Q

unrelated to main drug action

A

cause unrelated effects to intended action (nausea)

may or may not be expected

79
Q

allergic reaction

A

mediated by immune system

antigen-antibody combination provokes an adverse reaction in patients

very mild or very severe

80
Q

withdrawal and addiction

A

unwanted physiological and psychological effects of the drug

81
Q

teratogenesis

A

drug produced defects in the developing fetus

82
Q

adverse biotransformation reaction

A

drug is converted to a chemically reactive metabolite that can bind to tissue components and cause tissue or organ damage

83
Q

predicting adverse drug reactions

A

drugs with little or no adverse effects when first introduced can later have significant toxicities

toxin reaction may be rare, difficult to predict

toxin reaction may only appear after prolonged use

toxin effect may not be detectable in animals only appears in humans

toxic effect may be unique to particular period in time

84
Q

therapeutic index

A

assess drug toxicity, how safe a drug is, higher = safer

TI = TD (dose toxic to 50% of population) / ED (dose effective in 50% of population)

85
Q

drug-drug interactions

A

when on drug changes the effects of a second drugs

86
Q

absorption drug-drug interactions

A

drug increase intestinal movement speeding movement of second drug reducing contact with intestinal wall thus decreasing absorption

87
Q

metabolism drug-drug interactions

A

drug can block inactivation of second drug in liver increasing blood level and effect of second drug

88
Q

excretion drug-drug interactions

A

drug can facilitate excretion of second drug by kidney, decreasing blood level and effect of second drug

89
Q

drug-food interactions

A

interference of food with drugs taken simultaneously

90
Q

tyramine drug-food interactions

A

tyramine can raise blood pressure and is broken down in the liver by enzyme MAO (monoamine oxidase) to inactive products

antidepressant drugs are inhibitors of MAO

drug-food interactions causes blood pressure raising

91
Q

grapefruit drug-food interactions

A

grapefruit and some other citrus fruits alter the absorption of some drugs

grapefruits inhibits enzymes that inactivate drug resulting in a greater amount of active drug

result in higher blood levels and potential overdose

92
Q

cerebral cortex

A

largest part of the brain, very rich in neurons which can be stimulated or depressed by drugs

functions
- sensory and motor coordination
- mental processes
- intelligence
- memory
- vision
- judgement
- thought
- speech
- emotions
- consciousness

93
Q

limbic system

A

region of the brain that integrates memory, emotion and reward

with the hypothalamus controls emotion and behaviour

contains dopaminergic reward centre (associated with addiction)

94
Q

neuron

A

generates and transmits electrical signals

new neurons generated via neurogenesis

connection between neurons reshaped constantly via neuroplasticity

95
Q

structure of the neuron

A
  • dendrites
  • cell body
  • axon
96
Q

dendrites

A

short and highly complex branching patterns

function as receiving antennae for incoming information and accept information through receptors on membrane

once information received form another cell, electric current generated and directed down the neuron

97
Q

cell body (soma)

A

largest part of the neuron

contains nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm

contains abundant pre packaged neurotransmitters which can be secreted

98
Q

axon

A

single fibre extending from the body and ends at the synapse

carries incoming information away from the cell body by electrical pulses

information passed on the subsequent neurons

99
Q

synapse

A

junction between two synapse

area where nueron axon ends and a nueron dendrite or cell body begins

100
Q

synaptic transmission (neurotransmission)

A

passage of signal (endogenous chemicals) from one neuron to another

very rapid and chemical in nature (quickly released and activates next)

usually one synapse connects two neurons, however a single neuron can make many synaptic connections

101
Q

glial cells

A

role in mechanisms which neurotransmitters are removed from synaptic cleft

102
Q

drugs and synaptic transmission

A

some interrupt transmissions while other enhance or facilitate it, modifying activity of brain

103
Q

types of neurotransmitters

A
  • glutamate
  • serotonin
  • catecholamines
  • acetylcholine
  • gaba
  • opioid peptides
104
Q
A
104
Q
A
104
Q
A
105
Q

glutamate

A

primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS

found in almost all nuerons

acts on glutamatergic receptors

neurons that release glutamate called glutamatergic neurons

106
Q

serotonin

A

in CNS hyperactivity of the serotonergic system involved in anxiety and hypo activity (depression)

some classes of CNS stimulates increase serotonin in synapse

107
Q

cetecholamines

A

two types similar in structure
- dopamine
- norepinephrine

108
Q

dopamine

A

type of catecholamines

involved in
- control of some hormonal systems
- motor coordination
- motivation and reward

alterations in dopamine mediated motivation and reward system linked to addiction

109
Q

norepinephrine

A

type of catecholamines

bind to large number of receptor types (main alpha and beta)

activation of receptor leads to excitation of cell

pathway targeted by some CNS stimulants

110
Q

acetylcholine

A

produces excitatory response in CNS

two types of receptors bind to it (cholinergic receptors)
- nicotinic receptors
- muscarinic receptors

111
Q

nicotinic receptors

A

found in certain regions of the brain

stimulated by acetylcholine or nicotine

112
Q

muscarinic receptors

A

found in many regions of the brain

involved in
- learning
- memory
- cognitive function

stimulated by acetylcholine or muscarine

drugs that block these produce amnesia (loss of cholinergic neurons, associated with alzheimers)

113
Q

gaba (gamma amino butyric acid)

A

primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS

neurons release gaba

gaba receptors found in high concentration in cerebral cortex

CNS depressants enhnace gaba receptor function

114
Q

opioid peptides

A

three main classes
- enkephalins
- endorphins
- dynorphins

classes vary in degree of selectivity for three opioid receptors (all interact w receptors)
- mu
- delta
- kappa

PHAR 100 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions