Module 1 Flashcards
do we have more bacterial cells in out body or human cells?
bacterial (10^14 comapred to 10^13)
what are the two major divisions/components of the immune system?
the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system (which work together)
what is the job of the imune system (simplified)
- discriminate (recorgnice self from non self)
- eliminate (destroy non self and altered self cells (ex: cancer cells)
- to keep microbes from entering the body and if that fails, it must identity these microbes and destroy them
what is an immune response?
the reaction of the immune cells to the presence of microbes or danger signals
what are immune dysfunctions? (specific examples)
- autoimmunity and hyperensitivity (misdirected or overly active immune system)
- immunodeficiency (underactive immune system - ex: AIDS)
what is an antigen?
a foreign protein that induces an immune response, typically including the production of antibodies (contraction of word “antibody generator”)
what is an antibody?
a protein that is produced in response to, and countering a specific antigen
what is the relation betwen antibodies and antigens?
antibodies bind to foreing substances (antigens) in the body and provide a signal for their elimination
what is the immune system made of?
tissues, organs and specialized cells that are scattered throughout the body
the combination of the circulatory, the lymoathic and the immune systems create and efficient ______ system for the body
filtering
What is the lymphatic system?
a network of vessels that drains fluid (lymph) that filtrated from the blood in the capillaries and entered the surrounding tissues (interstitial space)
What is lymph?
a colourlss fluid containing white blood cells, that bathes the tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream
what is the role of the circulatory system in the sense of immunity
its where the lymph comes from and goes after being filtered
the lymphatic vessels distributed arounf the body pick up lymph and carry it towards the heart when it re-enters the circulatory system
where do immune cells reside/travel?
reside in tissues and can directly interact with antigen
travel within blood stream to the site of infection where they enter tissues and bind to antigen
what do immune cells to after reaching antigen?
enter the lymphatic system and travel to the lymph nodes whete antigens are eliminated
What are the 5 major lymphoid organs and tissues?
- bone marrow
- lymph nodes
- MALT’- Spleen
-thymus
Bone marrow structure
- felxible tissue
- divided into two types: yellow and red
- filled with hematopoietic cells (cells lodged within the bone marrow and which are responsible for producing the cells which circulate in the blood (red, white and platelets)
location of bone marrow
central cavaity indide the bones
function of red bone marrow
- important for immune system
- site of hematopoiesis (formation and differentiation of blood cells. origin of all immune cells)
- site of B-cell development
function of yellow bone marrow
- some leukocyte development
- produces fat and cartilage
prison comparason of bone marrow
police academy for prison guards
structure of lymph nodes
- small (1-25mm)
- bean shaped
- numerous (~600)
- divided into three roughly concentric regions (cortext, paracortex and medulla)
- filled with lymphocyres (white blood cells which arise from the lymphoid progenitor lineage during hematopoeisis. generally refers to B and T cells), macrophages and dendritic cells
location of lymph nodes
- grouped along the lymphatic vessels
function of lymph nodes
- filters the lymph
- often it is the first organozed lymphoid structure that forign molecules encounter when first entering the body
prison break comaparason for lymph nodes
locked foors within prison that prisoners have to get permission from guards to pass through
what deos MALT stand for?
muscosal associated lymphoid tissues
structure of MALT
- refers to the combined surface area of various ateas in the body including BALT, GALT, Lamina propria of intestinal villi, Peyer’s patches, tonsils and apendix
- filled with various types of immune cells depending on location
what does BALT stand for?
bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue
what does GALT stand for?
gut associated lymphoid tissue
where are peyers patches found?
throughout the ileum region of the small intestine
location of MALT
- mucous membranes lining the digestive, respiratory and urogenital systems
function of MALT
- initiates immune response to specific antigens encountered along all mucosal surfaces
prison brak comparason for MALT
watchtowers where guards control the weaker spots of passage betweent he prison walls and outside
structure of the spleen
- large
- ovoid
- divided into thwo compartments: white and red pupl
white pulpe of spleen
- filled with macrophages, lymphocytes, T-cells, B-cells and red blood cells
- important part of immune system (compared to red pulp because it contains the immune cells)
red pulp of spleen
- composed of cords of Billroth (consisting of fibrils and connective tissue cells with a large population of monocytes and macrophages) and splenic sinues that are filled with blood
location of spleen
- situated in the left abdominal cavity
function of spleen
- red puple filters the blood
- white pulp is the site of development of immune responses agasint antigens found in the bloodstrem
prison break comparason for spleen
locked door that aprisoner has to get access from the guards in order to pass through to get to the courtyard inside the prison walls
structure of thymus
- flat
- B-lobed; each love is divised into lobules which are organized each into two compartments (cortex and medulla)
- filled with thymocytes (T-cells found in the thymus), epithelilal cells, dentritic cells, and macrophages
location of thymus
situated above the heart
function of thymus
site of T-cell develipment and maturation
prison break comparason of thymus
police cademy for officers who become members of the S.W.A.T team or detectives
what are the two primary lymphoid organs/tissue?
- thymus
- bone marrow
what are the three secondary lymphoid organs/tissue?
- spleen
- lymph nodes
- MALT
what are the functions of the primary organs/tissue?
- site of lymphocyte maturation into an immunocompetent cell
- B-cell –> bone marrow
- T-cell –> thymus
what is an immunocompetent cell?
denoting a mature lymphocyte that is capable of rcognixing a specific antigen and mediating an immune response
what are the functions of the primary organs/tissue?
- site of lymphocyte activation into an effector cell
- through interation with ttrapped antigens
what is an effector cell?
denoting a mature lymphocyte that has been activated and mediates an immune response agaisnt a specific antigen
discrimination occurs through the…
ability of immune cells to distinguish between self and non self components
elimination occurs through the…
ability of immune cells to initiate an immune response
What does MHC stand for?
Major histocompatibility complex class
innate immune system
consists of physical, solubel and cllular barriers that are scattered throughout the body to prevent the entry of any infectious agent and respond non-specifically
adaptive immune system
consists of cells and soluble components capable of recognizing and responding to specific pathogens
what can adaptive immunity furrther be subdivided into?
antibody-mediated humoral immunity (B-cell) and Cell-mediated immunity (T-cell)
Innate immunity - components
first line of defense agasint foreign agents
innate immunity functions
- immediate recognition and response to invading pathogens - response within minutes or hours
- recognizes general patterns not specific for any one antigen; limits the type of immune rsponse initiated
adaptive immunity - components
- humoral immunity (mediated by B-cells)
- cell-mediated immunity (mediated by T-cells)
adaptive immunity - functions
- longer time requires to iniate a response to invading pathogens - response within days
- capable of recognizing and respond to specific antigens - its largediversity gives much wider range of repsonses that can be initiated
- results in immunological memoru - allows for a quick response upon a second infection with the same pathogen
the ____ is one of the oldest types of cells that is beleived to have given rise to a type of cell found in the human immune system today - the ____. and what is the first blank?
- amebocyte (a mobile cell in the body of invertebrates)
- phagocyte
what are phagocytes?
- a type of cells that play a major role in the innate immunity
- they can move by pseudopodia (cell membrane potrusions that extend from motile and phagocytosing cells)
- they engulf free pathogens by phagocytosis (the ingestion of bacteria or other materils by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans)
what is the principle of parsimony?
the explanation requiring the fewest assumptions is most likely to be correct … with all things being equal, the simplest explanation tends to be the right one
what are the branches of the phylogenetic tree?
starts with common ancestor and breaks into ancestral species which then branches into speciation
almost all vertebrates have ___
gait (gut-associated lymphoid tissues)
most vertebrates have some sort of ____ or ____
not many vertebrates generate lymphocytes in the ____ ____.
not all vertebrates have _____ _____ indicating that they are more recent evolutionary traits
what type of organisms have an innate immune system?
vertebrates, invertebrates and even plants
what type of organisms have an adaptive immune system?
only in subphylum verterbata which include all animals with a backbone
- only more complex organisms within this subphylum have a well-developed adaptive immune system
every immune cell orginates from _____ hematopoietic stem cells in the fetal _____ and ____ ____
- pluyipotent (cells capable of giving rise to several different cell types)
- liver
- bone marrow
the process thst gives rise to all those cells is called _______
hematopoiesis (the formation and differentiation of blood cells)
where do B-cells reach their maturity?
the bone marrow
where do T-cells continue their development/reach their maturity?
the thymus
what are the two lineages that hematopoiesis is divided into?
myeloid and lymphoid
hematopoietic stem cell turns into a ______ ______ which then turns into either a b-cell (in bone marrow) or a t-cell (in thymus) the t-cell then turns into either a _____ t-cell or a _____ t-cell
- lymphoid progenitor
- helper
-cytotoxic
what does every blood cell arise from?
the hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)
what are the three types of blood cells?
- erythrocytes (red blood cells)
- platelets
- leukocytes (white blood cells)
what are two HSC characteristics?
- self renewal
- pluripotent/multipotent
what does self renewal mean?
ability to divide itself to replace “older” cells to keep the pool of stem cells constant
what does pluripotent mean?
ability to differentiate into several cell types
once a stem cell commits to a lineage, it ____ its ability of self renewal and become a _____ or _____ progenitor cell
- loses
- myeloid
- lymphoid
what is the prison break analogy for HSC?
kids interested in security careers… they haven’t chosen a specializatin yet, they can choose any field to commit their expertise to
What do most myeloid proenitor cells differentiate into?
the cells of the innate immune system
What do most lymphoid proenitor cells differentiate into?
the cells that make up most of the adaptive immune system
what are the two major typs of lymphoid cells?
B-cells and T-cells
what word do we often use when talking about B and T-cells?
lymphoyte cells
How mnay different groups do myeloid cells have the ability to differenciate into? and what are they called?
- 4
- granulocyte (–> neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, mast cell)
- monocyte (–> macrophage)
- erythrocyte (red blood cell)
- thrombocyte (platelet)
what is the prison break analogy for myeloid cells?
students who started their training to become prison guards on the floor
where can dentritic cells arise from?
myeloid or lymphoid progenitor cells
what part of immunity are dendritic cells part of?
both innate and adaptive
what are the main functions of dentritic cells? (2)
- to capture and engulf antigens that evaded the innate immune response and present them to the adaptive immune cells such as T-cells, allowinf an adaptive immune response to be initiated
- help to communicate between the branches of the immune system
what is the most well-known subtype of dendritic cell?
the Langerhans dendritic cells
where are the Langerhans dendritic cells located?
under the surface of the skin and in the mucous membranes
what is the prison break analogy for dendritic cells?
commanding officers of the prison security system. they are the ones that communicate with police depatrment at the outside walls, if necessary. they are part of the team who make the big decisions regarding who to process and who to call as backup, depending on the prisoner’s profile
what are the three types of cells that lymphoid progenitor cells can differentiate into?
- B- cells
- T-cells
- Natural Killer cells
what are thr two types of B-cells?
- plasmocyte (effector B-cell)
- memory B-cell
what are the three types of T-cells?
- helper T-cell
- cytotoxic T-cell
- memory T-cell
what is the prison break analogy for lymphoid cells?
students who have started their specialized training to become security guards who control the weapons room, to become a SWAT team memeber or to become the prison warden within the prison walls
what have plateletes been found to participate in? (4)
- intervention agasint microbial threats
- recruitment and promotion of innate effector cell functions
- modulating antigen presentation
- enhancement of adaptive immune responses
monocytes and macrophages are _____
phagocytes
monocyte are located in the _____ while macrophages are located in the _____
- blood
- tissues
monocytes are able to _____ _______ __ ___ _______ ______ by moving across the blood vessel walls. When they penetrate the tissues, they become macrophages and undergo changes
travel outside of the circulatory system
what si the prison break analogy for macrophages
prison guards that walk around the halls and locate and catch prisoners that are trying to escape
mast cells are located in _____ and are called _____ with large granules containing _____ and other pharmacological active substances
- tissues
- granulocytes (a group of white blood cells characterized by secretory granules in their cytoplasm)
- histamine
prison break analogy for mast cell
- mast cells are similar to prison guards working on the floor who stay at their psot and watch the doors betwee indoor corridors
what are the 5 major types of infectious agents?
- bacteria
- viruses
- fungi
- protozoa
- helminths
what is an example of a bacterium?
cholera illness - infection of intestine with bacterium vibrio cholerae - diarrhea, vomiting and leg cramps
what is an example if a virus?
influenza - respiratory illness - 3 types (A, B, C) - fever, cough, sore throat, stuffy/runny nose, muscle and body aches, headaches
what is a spore?
a cell capable of reproduction without the need for fusin with another reproductive cell
what is an example of a fungi?
vaginal yeast infection - overgrowth of yeast Candida in the vagina - genital itching - if there is an imbalance of Candida in the immune system, it can multiply which leads to a yeast infection
what is an example of a protozoa?
malaria - caused by a protozoan parasite int he genus plasmodium - fever, chills, flu-like illness
what is an example of a helminths?
schistosomiasis - diseases cause by parasitic worms, or helminths - the worms produce eggs that travel to the intestine, liver or bladder, causing inflammation or scarring - fever, chills, lymphoid organ enlargment, abdominal pain and diarrhea (body’s reaction to the eggs not the worms themselves)
what are prions?
- new class of disease causing agent called
- consisting of only protein
- linked to degenerative disorders of the CNS
prion proteins are noraml but if they _____ they are called prions
misfold
normal prion protiens can be degraded while the abdormal proteins accumlate in the brain tissue as they are ______ to degradation. this causes rapid degradation of healhty brain tissue and decline in _____ _____
- resistant
- brain function
what are the two prion diseases?
- bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) aka mad cow disease
- creutzfeldt-jakob disease (CJD)
