Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

VPHY 413 (Reproductive Physiology and Endocrinology) > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

_____________ communicated physically, using electrochemical
signals between the brain and other organs, such as muscle group, or signals
from one organ to another, as in a ___________

A

Nervous System
Reflex arc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

____________ communicated via chemical blood-borne messengers, for instance between the ____________and the ______________.

A

Endocrine System
Pituitary Gland and Adrenal Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

its communication via ___________ is very rapid

A

nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

its communication via ____________ is slower

A

endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

It is customary and convenient to categorize _____________, _____________, ______________,
_______________, _____________, and _____________ functions
into physiological systems, anatomic and functional components of thesesystems overlap to lesser or greater degrees.

A

Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Reproductive
Gastrointestinal
Nervous
Endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

it is significantly dependent on hormones from the endocrine system for normal function

A

nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

considered a component of
the endocrine system, ishighly integrated
with the nervous system

A

adrenal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Endocrinology?

A

it is the study of communication
within a living organism by means of hormones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is hormone?

A

are the chemical messengers of the
endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The discipline of endocrinology includes the?

A

✓ study of hormones
✓ the anatomy and physiology of the cells,tissues, and organs that produce these
hormones
✓ the way that hormones are transported
and action target cells
✓ clinical abnormalities of hormonal deficiencies and overproduction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In the classical sense, a hormone was described as a?

A

chemical messenger secreted from a ductless gland, emptied directly into the circulation, and transported by the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Components of the endocrine system that
communicate by routes other than blood vessels
are characterized as;

A

✓ Paracrine
✓ Autocrine
✓ Neurocrine
✓ Solinocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

hormones
are secreted locally into the extracellular
space only to self-regulate thevery cells that
released them

A

Autocrine communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

involves secretion of hormones from a cell directly into the
surrounding extracellular space; the hormone then interacts with adjacent or nea-rby cells without being transported by blood

A

Paracrine communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

delivers very high concentrations of the hormone
to its target site.

A

Paracrine communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

involving
secretion of peptides or other neurotransmitter molecules by neurons,is a specialized form of paracrine function in which
the chemical messenger is transferred to a
target cell via asynapse or neuromuscular
junction

A

Neurocrine communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Several hormones are secreted directly into the lumen of the gastrointestinal, respiratory and
reproductive tracts. This type of communication is called?

A

Solinocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

example of solinocrine

A

gastrin, somatostatin, vasoactiveintestinal peptide, calcitonin, secretin, and serotonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Functions of Hormones

A

✓ A single hormone can affect a single function
✓ single hormones having
multiple actions
✓ multiple hormones having single actions
✓ multiple hormones producing multiple
actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Example of A single hormone can affect a single function

A

✓ erythropoietin on hemoglobin synthesis by erythrocytes, but this one-on-one action is very rare.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

example of multiple hormones having single actions

A

✓ regulation
of lactation by prolactin, placental lactogens ,corticosteroids, thyroxine, sex steroids, and oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Example of multiple hormones producing multiple
actions

A

reproductive steroids, oxytocin,
and corticosteroids on pregnancy, fetal development, and parturition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

it depends on the effects of
hormones on gametogenesis as well as development of sexual characteristics and elicitation of behaviors that culminate in the fertilization of
an oocyte by a spermatozoon and the production
of offspring

A

Reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Many hormones play important functions
for the maintenance of pregnancy, such as?

A

✓ embryo and fetus
✓ development of the reproductive tract for pregnancy
✓ and initiation of parturition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

are also important in timing the cessation of growth

A

hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Example of why hormone are important in timing the cessation of growth?

A

hormone-mediated closure of the epiphyses of
long bones after maturity is necessary for proper
adult body conformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Maintenance of an animal’s internal environment requires metabolic energy generated
from nutrients processed by enzymes regulated by hormones. Such as.

A

✓ Production
✓ storage
✓ utilization of energy-require complex endocrine-regulated
ingestive, digestive, anabolic, catabolic, and excretory processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

protein hormones include?

A

Prolactin and growth hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Glycoprotein hormones include?

A

✓ thyrotropin or thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
✓ luteinizing hormone (LH)
✓ follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Peptide hormones include?

A

✓ insulin
✓ insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
✓ adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

hormones that are derivatives of amino acids?

A

✓ Triiodothyronine (T3)
✓ catecholamines such as epinephrine and norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The large category of lipidic hormones includes
the subcategories of steroids;

A

✓ progesterone
✓ estrogens
✓ androgens
✓ glucocorticoids
✓ mineralocorticoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Example of eicosanoids

A

✓ prostaglandin
✓ thromboxanes
✓ leukotrienes

34
Q

chemical nature of hormone

A

present in the blood and other extracellular fluids in low concentrations

35
Q

The range of hormone concentration from in extracellular fluids;

A

10^-11 to 10^-9 M

36
Q

The range of concentrations of
nonhormonal amino acids, peptides,
and lipids:

A

10^-5 to 10^-3 M

37
Q

synthesized by
Leydig cells of the testis, diffusesonly a short
distance to Sertoli cells and to the adluminal
compartment ofthe seminiferous epithelium
to promote spermatogenesis

A

testosterone

38
Q

the hormonally active
form of testosterone in the male, is produced
by androgen-sensitive target cells such as
those of the prostate

A

Dihydrotestosterone

39
Q

is converted to T3
within cells of the pituitary glandto play a
major role in the regulation of TSH secretion

A

Thyroxine (T4)

40
Q

one anatomic feature that efficiently dir-
ects hormones to their target tissues is the so-
called?

A

portal circulation

41
Q

consists of blood flow from capillaries in one
organ to a vein and then to capillaries in another
organ.

A

Portal circulation

42
Q

Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) is a
39-amino acid peptide derived from a much
larger precursor (235 amino acids) called?

A

proopiomelanocortin (POMC)

43
Q

Other peptides with hormonal
activity derived from POMC include :

A

(i)
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
(ii) beta-endorphin
(iii)beta-lipotropin.

44
Q

is synthesized as part of a larger precursor by the
chief cells of the parathyroid gland.

A

parathyroid hormone

45
Q

other prohormones

A

(i) proinsulin
(ii) proglucagon
(iii) progastrin
(iv) procalcitonin.

46
Q

a prohormone, is
converted to the hormone triiodothyronine (T3) in the liver,kidney,
brain, and pituitary gland.

A

Thyroxine (T4)

47
Q

produced from androgen precursors, primarily androstenedione in females
and testosterone in males, by enzymes present in peripheral nonendocrine tissues

A

Estrogens

48
Q

synthesize the hormone at faster rates, efficiently process prohormones, and havemechanisms for releasing the hormone in a controlled manner

A

endocrine glands

49
Q

Water-soluble hormones

A

Proteins and peptides

50
Q

do not require additional carrier proteins for transport

A

water-soluble hormones

51
Q

the ___________ hormones
such as ____________ and ___________ require carrier proteins

A

insoluble

iodothyronines and steroids

52
Q

found within the sequence of a larger gastrointestinal form of glucagon
called enteroglucagon, glicentin, or glucagon-like immune reactivity.

A

Pancreatic glucagon

53
Q

require carrier proteins.

A

insoluble proteins

Ex. iodothyronines and steroids

54
Q

means regulation of hormonal secretion from an endocrine gland by an effect of the circulating hormone that the gland itself
produces.

A

feedback control

55
Q

negatively controls PTH secretion, glucose negatively
controls glucagon and positively
controls insulin secretion, and the volume of extracellular fluid negatively controls aldosterone
production by feedback mechanism

A

ionized calcium

56
Q

A few hormones are produced without feedback regulation. Those produced
by the placenta, such as;

A

equine chorionic
gonadotropin
progesterone
estrogens

57
Q

All hormone receptors are proteins
and have two functional domains;

A

✓ recognition domain
✓ coupling domain

58
Q

that regulates
post-binding biochemical events

A

coupling domain

59
Q

General principles of hormone action

A

✓ Intracellular Action of Steroid Hormones
✓ Intracellular Action of Iodothyronines
✓ Intracellular Actions of Protein and Polyp-
eptide Hormones

60
Q

Second messenger for hormonesthat
bind to cell surface receptor include

A

cyclic
AMP (cAMP)

61
Q

Concentrations of cyclic AMP increaseor decrease in response to
many hormones, including;

A

ACTH, LH, FSH, calcitonin, and PTH

62
Q

a process mediated by a family of stimulatory and inhibitory regulatory proteins.

A

adenylate cyclase

63
Q

Changes in ionized calcium within the
cell regulate a protein

A

Calmodulin

64
Q

The four criteria for assay validity are;

A

(i) specificity
(ii) accuracy
(iii) precision
(iv) sensitivity.

65
Q

defined as freedom from
interference by substances other than the
one intended to be measured

A

specificity

66
Q

the extent to which a set of
measurements of a substance agrees with
the exact amount ofthe substance that is
present

A

accuracy

67
Q

the extent to which a given set
of measurements of the same sample agrees
with the mean

A

precision

68
Q

defined as the smallest amount
of unlabeled hormone that can be distinguished from havingno hormone in the sample.

A

sensitivity

69
Q

is often the result of an autoimmune process whereby
the thyroid gland isinvaded by immune
cells and the hormone-secreting cells are
destroyed

A

Primary Hypothyroidism

70
Q

can be due to
insufficient secretion of TSH, but it should be distinguishedfrom “hypothyroxinemia”, which can be produced by
concurrent disease, e.g., hyperadren-
ocorticism,malnutrition, and certain
drugs.

A

Secondary Hypothyroidism

71
Q

in dogs, can occur as a result of a developmental defect whereby hormone-secretingcells of the anterior
pituitary gland fail to differentiate completely, leading to multiple deficiencies

A

panhypopituitarism

72
Q

owing to diminished FSH and LH secretion

A

hypogonadism

73
Q

caused by reduced ACTH secretion

A

secondary hypoadrenocorticism

74
Q

young puppies will express the
condition as _____________ because there is
a lack ofgrowth hormone secretion

A

pituitary dwarfism

75
Q

caused by excessive production of cortisol by the
adrenal cortex

A

Hyperadrenocorticism

76
Q

results from excessive secretion of
ACTH by the pituitary gland, causing morphologic and functional hyperplasia ofthe adrenal
cortex.

A

Secondary hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s
disease)

77
Q

is due to
excessive autonomous secretion of parathyroid
hormone

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism

78
Q

is one of the most common
endocrinopathies in cats and is related to the excessive secretion of iodothyronines by proliferative lesions of the follicular cells of the thyroid gland

A

hyperthyroidism

79
Q

caused by neoplasia of the pancreatic beta cells, leading to hypoglycemia.

A

Hyperinsulinemia

80
Q

is an unfavorable responseto therapy caused by the therapeutic effort itself

A

iatrogenic disease

81
Q

The disease shows the same manifestation as _____________, which is the spontaneous disease

A

Cushing’s syndrome

82
Q

which can be produced by
concurrent disease, e.g., hyperadrenocorticism,malnutrition, and certain
drugs.

A

hypothyroxinemia

VPHY 413 (Reproductive Physiology and Endocrinology) (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions