Module 1

Question 1

Activation

Answer 1

when the receptor site becomes active. Example: After morphine agonist attaches to a Mu receptor, the receptor activates and produces analgesia, euphoria and respiratory depression.

Question 2

Affinity

Answer 2

is the strength of attraction between a drug and its receptor.

Question 3

Area under the curve

Answer 3

is a measure of total systemic exposure to the drug.

Question 4

Bioavailability

Answer 4

is the extent a substance or drug becomes completely available to its intended biological destination. Some factors that influence bioavailability include first-pass metabolism, route of administration, and chemical properties of the drug.

Question 5

Bioequivalence

Answer 5

is when two drugs are equal in the rate and extent to which the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) becomes available at the site(s) of drug action.

Question 6

Biotransformation

Answer 6

(Drug metabolism) is the enzymatic alteration of drug structure. Most drug metabolism takes place in the liver.

Question 7

Blood-brain barrier

Answer 7

is a natural protective membrane that prevents central nervous system (CNS) from toxins and pathogens in blood.

Question 8

CYP enzyme inducers

Answer 8

increase the rate of hepatic metabolism decrease serum concentrations of other drugs metabolized by the same hepatic isoenzyme.

Question 9

CYP enzyme inhibitors

Answer 9

decrease the rate of hepatic metabolism and increase serum concentrations of other drugs metabolized by the same hepatic isoenzyme.

Question 10

Drug half-life

Answer 10

is the time it takes for the concentration of the drug in the plasma or the total amount in the body to be reduced by 50%.

Question 11

First-pass hepatic metabolism

Answer 11

is the rapid inactivation of certain oral drugs.

Question 12

Lipid solubility

Answer 12

is the ability to dissolve through the lipid (fat) portion of a membrane.

Question 13

Placental drug transfer

Answer 13

All drugs cross the placenta to some degree but several factors determine the degree of placental transfer. Major determinants include lipid/water solubility, molecular weight, degree of ionization, and protein binding. Drugs that are lipid soluble, smaller have a low ionized fraction, and non-protein bound tend to cross the placenta to a greater degree.

Question 14

Protein binding

Answer 14

is the degree to which medications attach to blood proteins within the blood plasma. A drug’s efficacy may be affected by the degree to which it binds. The less bound a drug is, the more efficiently it can traverse or diffuse through cell membranes.

Question 15

A Prodrug

Answer 15

is a compound with little or no pharmacological activity that metabolizes inside the body and converts into a pharmacologically active drug compound.

Question 16

Substrate

Answer 16

is the substance on which an enzyme acts

Question 17

Therapeutic range

Answer 17

Is the dosage range of blood plasma or serum concentration usually expected to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.

Question 18

side effects

Answer 18

in addition to or beyond its desired effect

Question 19

adverse effects

Answer 19

undesired and harmful outcome of a treatment

Question 20

agonist

Answer 20

doer of an action

Question 21

antagonist

Answer 21

contends with or opposes another

Question 22

partial agonist

Answer 22

a drug that binds to and activates a receptor, but produces a less than maximal effect

Question 23

maximal efficacy

Answer 23

the drug occupies all receptors

Question 24

relative potency

Answer 24

amount of a compound required to produce an effect when compared to another compound

Question 25

toxic concentration

Answer 25

concentration at which a particular substance produces a toxic effect

Question 26

minimum concentration

Answer 26

The lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism after overnight incubation

Question 27

plasma drug level

Answer 27

duration of absorption of drugs and the distribution volume within the body

Question 28

GFR on metabolism

Answer 28

related to metabolism

Question 29

nonrenal excretion

Answer 29

eliminating drugs and other substances through other routes except the kidneys

Question 30

renal drug excretion

Answer 30

kidneys eliminate drugs from the body through urine

Question 31

competition between drugs

Answer 31

generic between brand

Question 32

first pass effect

Answer 32

where the medication undergoes metabolism at a specific location in the body

Question 33

special consideration in age

Question 34

hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes

Answer 34

enzymes in the liver that break down drugs

Question 35

precaution

Answer 35

Measure taken in advance to prevent something dangerous or unpleasant

Question 36

black box warning

Answer 36

A prominent warning on a drug’s label that indicates a serious safety risk

Question 37

relative contraindications

Answer 37

A treatment/procedure is considered inadvisable, but it’s acceptable if the benefits outweigh the risks

Question 38

absolute contraindications

Answer 38

A situation that makes a procedure, medicine, or surgery dangerous and should be avoided