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Physiology 1 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Basic components of a cell

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

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2
Q

ICF and ECF

A

Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid

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3
Q

cell membrane

A

The cell membrane and the nuclear membrane are double layers of phospholipids.

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4
Q

mitochondria

A

cigar-like structures that act as the powerhouse of the cell because they provide the energy necessary for cell functions. They generate energy in the form of ATP.

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5
Q

lysosomes

A

important organelles in phagocytic cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages, and monocytes. They contain enzymes capable of destroying foreign material, such as microorganisms, cellular debris, and damaged cells.

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6
Q

centrioles

A

short, cylindrical organelle that creates and anchors microtubules in the cell.

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7
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A

contains attachment of ribosomes which synthesize proteins

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8
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A

where fatty substances (lipids) and steroids are synthesized. It is important for synthesis of cholesterol and phospholipids and detoxification. It is abundant in organs such as the liver.

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9
Q

golgi apparatus

A

Substances synthesized in the ER are transported, modified, and packaged into secretory vesicles by the Golgi apparatus for export or internal use for the cell

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9
Q

chromatin

A

DNA arranged in strands

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10
Q

chromosomes

A

condensed chromatin during cell replication

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10
Q

nucleolus

A

organelle within the nucleus existing as an aggregation of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and proteins

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11
Q

ribosome

A

manufactures cellular proteins after receiving RNA from the nucleus. Ribosomes leave the nucleolus and the nucleus and become active in the cytoplasm. They also attach to the endoplasmic reticulum

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11
Q

Central Dogma

A

nucleus, nucleolus, and ribosome

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12
Q

RBC

A

red blood cell

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12
Q

WBC

A

white blood cell

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13
Q

4 basic cell types

A

epithelial, muscle, connecting tissue, and nerve

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14
Q

cell type corresponding tissue layers

A

epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, nervous tissue

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14
Q

Cuboidal cells

A

found lining sweat glands. epithelial cell

15
Q

squamous cell

A

can be seen lining mouth or lumen of blood vessels

epithelial cell

16
Q

stratified columnar cells

A

types of cells in the conjunctiva of the eye

17
Q

skeletal muscle

A

allows voluntary movement

18
Q

smooth muscle

A

responsible for movement of organs, such as gastrointestinal tract and blood vessels

19
Q

cardiac muscle

A

makes heart pump

20
Q

Bone cells and blood cells

A

connective tissue

21
Q

reticular tissue

A

cells found in framework of bone marrow and liver sinusoids among other things

connective tissue

22
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells

23
Q

endocytosis

A

Process by which extracellular material enters a cell. The cell plasma membrane engulfs extracellular material, forming a membrane-bound vesicle in the cytoplasm with the material inside

24
Q

phagocytosis

A

Endocytosis of large foreign microorganisms and other cells into the cytoplasm of the cell.

25
Q

pinocytosis

A

Endocytosis of dissolved soluble molecules into the cytoplasm of the cell.

26
Q

exocytosis

A

Process by which the contents of a cytoplasmic vesicle exit the cell. The vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents into the extracellular space.

27
Q

passive transport

A

osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion

28
Q

active transport

A

membrane channels, bulk transport

29
Q

electrolytes

A

ions existing in a liquid state

30
Q

major ECF cation

A

sodium

31
Q

major ICF cation

A

potassium

32
Q

Significance of sodium and potassium

A

necessary for conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contraction

33
Q

sodium

A

major ECF cation

determines ECF volume and water distribution between ICF and ECF

Important in neuromuscular activity.

34
Q

Potassium

A

Major intracellular cation

responsible for intracellular osmotic pressure

important for membrane electrical activities in nerves and muscles

important for acid-base regulation

35
Q

calcium

A

vital ion for muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, blood coagulation, and release of nuerotransmitter substance

36
Q

the five phases of mitosis

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

37
Q

chloride

A

major extracellular anion

important for acid-base and fluid balance

38
Q

bicarbonate

A

strong base

part of bodies major buffer system

39
Q

mitosis

A

cell replication

40
Q

meiosis

A

sex cell replication

cell divides twice

Physiology 1 (5 decks)

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