Module 1

Question 1

Basic components of a cell

Answer 1

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

Question 2

ICF and ECF

Answer 2

Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid

Question 3

cell membrane

Answer 3

The cell membrane and the nuclear membrane are double layers of phospholipids.

Question 4

mitochondria

Answer 4

cigar-like structures that act as the powerhouse of the cell because they provide the energy necessary for cell functions. They generate energy in the form of ATP.

Question 5

lysosomes

Answer 5

important organelles in phagocytic cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages, and monocytes. They contain enzymes capable of destroying foreign material, such as microorganisms, cellular debris, and damaged cells.

Question 6

centrioles

Answer 6

short, cylindrical organelle that creates and anchors microtubules in the cell.

Question 7

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Answer 7

contains attachment of ribosomes which synthesize proteins

Question 8

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Answer 8

where fatty substances (lipids) and steroids are synthesized. It is important for synthesis of cholesterol and phospholipids and detoxification. It is abundant in organs such as the liver.

Question 9

golgi apparatus

Answer 9

Substances synthesized in the ER are transported, modified, and packaged into secretory vesicles by the Golgi apparatus for export or internal use for the cell

Question 9

chromatin

Answer 9

DNA arranged in strands

Question 10

chromosomes

Answer 10

condensed chromatin during cell replication

Question 10

nucleolus

Answer 10

organelle within the nucleus existing as an aggregation of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and proteins

Question 11

ribosome

Answer 11

manufactures cellular proteins after receiving RNA from the nucleus. Ribosomes leave the nucleolus and the nucleus and become active in the cytoplasm. They also attach to the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 11

Central Dogma

Answer 11

nucleus, nucleolus, and ribosome

Question 12

RBC

Answer 12

red blood cell

Question 12

WBC

Answer 12

white blood cell

Question 13

4 basic cell types

Answer 13

epithelial, muscle, connecting tissue, and nerve

Question 14

cell type corresponding tissue layers

Answer 14

epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, nervous tissue

Question 14

Cuboidal cells

Answer 14

found lining sweat glands. epithelial cell

Question 15

squamous cell

Answer 15

can be seen lining mouth or lumen of blood vessels

epithelial cell

Question 16

stratified columnar cells

Answer 16

types of cells in the conjunctiva of the eye

Question 17

skeletal muscle

Answer 17

allows voluntary movement

Question 18

smooth muscle

Answer 18

responsible for movement of organs, such as gastrointestinal tract and blood vessels

Question 19

cardiac muscle

Answer 19

makes heart pump

Question 20

Bone cells and blood cells

Answer 20

connective tissue

Question 21

reticular tissue

Answer 21

cells found in framework of bone marrow and liver sinusoids among other things connective tissue

Question 22

neurons

Answer 22

nerve cells

Question 23

endocytosis

Answer 23

Process by which extracellular material enters a cell. The cell plasma membrane engulfs extracellular material, forming a membrane-bound vesicle in the cytoplasm with the material inside

Question 24

phagocytosis

Answer 24

Endocytosis of large foreign microorganisms and other cells into the cytoplasm of the cell.

Question 25

pinocytosis

Answer 25

Endocytosis of dissolved soluble molecules into the cytoplasm of the cell.

Question 26

exocytosis

Answer 26

Process by which the contents of a cytoplasmic vesicle exit the cell. The vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents into the extracellular space.

Question 27

passive transport

Answer 27

osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion

Question 28

active transport

Answer 28

membrane channels, bulk transport

Question 29

electrolytes

Answer 29

ions existing in a liquid state

Question 30

major ECF cation

Answer 30

sodium

Question 31

major ICF cation

Answer 31

potassium

Question 32

Significance of sodium and potassium

Answer 32

necessary for conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contraction

Question 33

sodium

Answer 33

major ECF cation determines ECF volume and water distribution between ICF and ECF Important in neuromuscular activity.

Question 34

Potassium

Answer 34

Major intracellular cation responsible for intracellular osmotic pressure important for membrane electrical activities in nerves and muscles important for acid-base regulation

Question 35

calcium

Answer 35

vital ion for muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, blood coagulation, and release of nuerotransmitter substance

Question 36

the five phases of mitosis

Answer 36

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Question 37

chloride

Answer 37

major extracellular anion important for acid-base and fluid balance

Question 38

bicarbonate

Answer 38

strong base part of bodies major buffer system

Question 39

mitosis

Answer 39

cell replication

Question 40

meiosis

Answer 40

sex cell replication cell divides twice