Module 1 Flashcards
Basic components of a cell
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus
ICF and ECF
Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid
cell membrane
The cell membrane and the nuclear membrane are double layers of phospholipids.
mitochondria
cigar-like structures that act as the powerhouse of the cell because they provide the energy necessary for cell functions. They generate energy in the form of ATP.
lysosomes
important organelles in phagocytic cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages, and monocytes. They contain enzymes capable of destroying foreign material, such as microorganisms, cellular debris, and damaged cells.
centrioles
short, cylindrical organelle that creates and anchors microtubules in the cell.
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
contains attachment of ribosomes which synthesize proteins
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
where fatty substances (lipids) and steroids are synthesized. It is important for synthesis of cholesterol and phospholipids and detoxification. It is abundant in organs such as the liver.
golgi apparatus
Substances synthesized in the ER are transported, modified, and packaged into secretory vesicles by the Golgi apparatus for export or internal use for the cell
chromatin
DNA arranged in strands
chromosomes
condensed chromatin during cell replication
nucleolus
organelle within the nucleus existing as an aggregation of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and proteins
ribosome
manufactures cellular proteins after receiving RNA from the nucleus. Ribosomes leave the nucleolus and the nucleus and become active in the cytoplasm. They also attach to the endoplasmic reticulum
Central Dogma
nucleus, nucleolus, and ribosome
RBC
red blood cell
WBC
white blood cell
4 basic cell types
epithelial, muscle, connecting tissue, and nerve
cell type corresponding tissue layers
epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, nervous tissue
Cuboidal cells
found lining sweat glands. epithelial cell
squamous cell
can be seen lining mouth or lumen of blood vessels
epithelial cell
stratified columnar cells
types of cells in the conjunctiva of the eye
skeletal muscle
allows voluntary movement
smooth muscle
responsible for movement of organs, such as gastrointestinal tract and blood vessels
cardiac muscle
makes heart pump
Bone cells and blood cells
connective tissue
reticular tissue
cells found in framework of bone marrow and liver sinusoids among other things
connective tissue
neurons
nerve cells
endocytosis
Process by which extracellular material enters a cell. The cell plasma membrane engulfs extracellular material, forming a membrane-bound vesicle in the cytoplasm with the material inside
phagocytosis
Endocytosis of large foreign microorganisms and other cells into the cytoplasm of the cell.
pinocytosis
Endocytosis of dissolved soluble molecules into the cytoplasm of the cell.
exocytosis
Process by which the contents of a cytoplasmic vesicle exit the cell. The vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents into the extracellular space.
passive transport
osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion
active transport
membrane channels, bulk transport
electrolytes
ions existing in a liquid state
major ECF cation
sodium
major ICF cation
potassium
Significance of sodium and potassium
necessary for conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contraction
sodium
major ECF cation
determines ECF volume and water distribution between ICF and ECF
Important in neuromuscular activity.
Potassium
Major intracellular cation
responsible for intracellular osmotic pressure
important for membrane electrical activities in nerves and muscles
important for acid-base regulation
calcium
vital ion for muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, blood coagulation, and release of nuerotransmitter substance
the five phases of mitosis
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
chloride
major extracellular anion
important for acid-base and fluid balance
bicarbonate
strong base
part of bodies major buffer system
mitosis
cell replication
meiosis
sex cell replication
cell divides twice
