Module 1 Flashcards
An atom consists of three basic units:
*proton
*neutron
*Electron
An atom consists of three basic units:
*proton
*neutron
*Electron
Protons and neutrons are located in..
a small,dense region atthe center of the atom known as nucleus
accounts for only a small part of the total volume of the atom,having a diameterapproximately 1/10,000 that of the entire atom
Nucleus Account
Account for most of the mass of the atom
Protons andneutrons account
the mass of an________ is negligible compared to the masses of protons andneutrons.
Electron
The ________ are located outside the nucleus in regionsknown as orbitals.
Electrons
are region of space within the energy level where electrons are found.
Orbitals
differ in their number of protons,neutrons,and electrons.
Atoms of various types
is the number of protons in the atom
The atomic number (Z)
the number of _________________in an atom must be equal to the number of negativelycharged electrons
positively charged protons
For _____ (+ions),where there is loss of electrons,electrons will be subtracted by the number equal to the charge of the ion.
cations
No of p=
No of e
For _______ (-ions),where there is gain of electrons,electrons will be added by the number equal to the charge of the ion.
anions
The mass number (A)(atomic mass rounded off to a whole number)is equal to the _______________________.
sum of the number of protons and neutrons (A=p+n)
Stands for energy level
n
orbit atoms in clouds of distinct shapes and sizes.
Electrons
are layered one inside the other into units called shells or energy levels
electron clouds
The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals is known as
electron configuration
The electrons are assigned to the properorbitals by the following rules:
1.The orbitals of lowest energy are filled first (Aufbau Principle)
2.Only two electrons can occupy the same orbital,and they must be of opposite spin (Pauli Exclusion Principle)
3.If two or more empty orbitals of equal energy are available,one electron is placed in each until all are half-fu( Hund’s Rule).
The study of ___________ was separated from compounds of all theother elements of the Periodic table.
carbon compounds
Chemists have discovered or made more than_________of carbon compounds and an estimated 10,000 new ones each year.
10 million
Chemists have discovered or made more than 10 million of carbon compounds and an estimated ______________ each year.
10,000 new ones
_______,_______,______,_______,_______,__,______and almost all other important chemicals in living systems are organic compounds.
*carbohydrates
*lipids
*proteins
*enzymes
*nucleic acids
*hormones
*vitamins,
The principal natural sources of organic compounds are:
*plants
*animals
*natural gas
*petroleum
*oil shale distillates
plants and animals and even micro organisms makes thousands of organic compounds by a process called
biosynthesis
is said that the number of organic compounds has been estimated recently to more than ten million and still growing every year.
Nature of Organic Compounds
are said to be chemical factories.
Living organisms
Carbon can form ________ with other carbon atoms as well as withother atoms
four bonds
Source of Organic Compounds:
*Isolation from nature
*Synthesis in laboratory
Nature of Organic Compound
*Carbon atoms can form four bonds with other carbon atoms as well other atoms
*Carbon atoms can link with each other to form linear,branched or cyclic chains
*Carbon has the ability to form single,double and triple bonds
Carbon atoms can form chains ___________ long,or rings of allsizes
thousands of atoms
can be linked to one another in a number
four carbon atom
is the longest and weakest bond
Single bond
the shortest and strongest bond
triple bond
is intermediate between the two bonds.
Double bond
Organic compounds can be classified into two groups:
*hydrocarbon
* heteroatoms
Hydrocarbons contain only
hydrogen and carbon
Elements other than carbon and hydrogen found in organic compounds are called
heteroatoms
are structural features that allow us to class compounds together by reactivity.
Functional groups
is a part of a larger molecule
functional group
also serves as a basis for naming organic compounds.
Functional group
Type of Formulas
*general formula
*Molecular formula
*Empirical formula
*Structural formula
*Condensed structural formula
* Abbreviated condensed formula
*Line angle formula
This formula represents an entire series of compounds.
Ex.
CnH2n+2 alkanes
CnH₂n-2 alkynes
R-OH alcohols
General Formula
This formula gives the actual number of atoms of the constituent elements in the molecule.
Ex.
C₂H₂. nacetylene
C₂H₆. Onethanol
Molecular Formula
This formula gives the simplest ratio of the atoms in the molecule.
Ex.
Benzene (C₆H₆) formula of CH
Glucose(C₆H1₂O₆) formula of CH₂O\n
Simplest or Empirical Formula
shows the arrangement of atoms or group of atoms in the molecule.
Structural formula
This formula represents structural formula in a simpler way.
Condensed Structural Formula
Ex.Ethanol as shown above can be written asCH₃-CH₂-OH or CH₃CH₂OHAcetic acid can be written asCH₃-COOH or CH₃
Condensed structural formula
This is an abbreviated way to draw structural formulas in which each angle represents a carbon atom and each line represents a bond.
Angle Formula or Bond-line Formula
