Module 1 Flashcards
designed and built steam engines that were practical in their use to propel wheeled land vehicles.
American James Watt (1780s)
Typical steam engines of the mid 1800s were essentially refined versions of Watt’s ____________.
simple external combustion steam boilers
considered as the “Father
of Aerial Navigation”, designed and experimented with a calorific engine which burned gunpowder as the fuel.
Sir George Cayley (1808)
The gaseous products of combustion drove a piston
within a cylinder that converted the reciprocating piston’s motion to mechanical work, possibly rowing Cayley’s ______or______.
“aerial oar or carriage”
successfully flew a clockwork
(wound spring) powered model having the very modern characteristics of mono-wing construction, rear empennage, tricycle gear, and with the propeller located in the nose.
Felix du Temple (1857)
In preparing his full scale monoplane in 1874, du Temple’s
search for the __________ caused him to reject the available steam engines (too heavy) and
gasoline engines (unreliable).
ideal powerplant
du Temple used a “___________” which was reported to operate in a manner similar to that of a steam engine; unfortunately, the underpowered engine was not able to propel the aircraft
beyond a “___________”.
hot air engine
powered hop
Their model experiments employed a miniature steam engine that includes two propellers and gearing.
William Samuel Henson and John
Stringfellow (1848)
In full scale experiments which began in 1868, _______ used a larger steam engine based on the successful model engines.
John Stringfellow
attached a steam engine to a
bicycle, creating their first powered motorcycle.
Michaux brothers (1869)
Russian naval officer and engineer ___________ journeyed to America and then to England where he eventually found two suitable steam engines of __ and __ horsepower (HP) for his flight experiments.
Alexander F. Mozhayski (1879)
10 and 20
also conducted flight experiments in in his steam powered “______” aircraft, and even claimed to be the
first man to have successfully flown a heavier-than-air aircraft.
Clement Ader (1890)
Eole
Clement Ader’s efforts, also funded by the French War Ministry, resulted in the October 1897 flight of the _______, a bat-winged aircraft powered by two 20-HP steam engines.
Avion Ill
__________’s model Aerodrome experiments
used small steam engines. His highly successful flights of the model __________ utilized a 1 HP steam engine. His later efforts in manned flight with his full scale Aerodrome, however, used a gasoline powered engine.
Samuel Pierpont Langley (1890)
Aerodrome No.5
It became apparent over time
after the many attempts by numerous inventors that _________ were far too heavy and produced insufficient power for aircraft; an alternative source of power would have to be found.
steam powered engines
A crude version of the two stroke engine was initially designed by Frenchman ___________ and patented in 1804. In his design, _____ and _____ was to be ignited in the cylinder at atmospheric pressure, a design which most likely would have resulted in relatively low power output.
Phillipe Lebon d’Humberstein (1801)
fuel and air
low power output
patented a somewhat more useful two stroke engine. In their design, the ignited fuel-air mixture pushed
against a free piston within a cylinder which transferred motion to another piston, rotating a shaft.
Eugenio Barsanti and Felice Matteucci (1854)
_____________, fascinated by inventing useful devices, began work in 1850 on a new type of engine that ___________ (typically used for street lamps) with atmospheric-pressure air, thereby producing the expanding gases that could be harnessed for the generation of power.
Etienne Lenoir (1858)
electrically ignited lighting gas
___________ designed variations of the two cycle _______ non-compressed (atmospheric pressure) gas engine.
Nicolaus August Otto and Wilhelm Otto (1866)
Lenoir
The __________, with _____________, then made the critical technical advance of compressing the fuel-air charge before it entered the
cylinder. Later, __________ reorganized his company with ___________ as president, and __________ as chief engineer.
Otto brothers with Eugren Langren
Nicolaus Otto
Gottlieb Daimler
Franz Rings
Rings’ most important contribution was to ___________ and to focus on one of Otto’s engine concept, the _____________.
discard the free piston idea
four cycle engine
In a four cycle engine, two full rotations of the crankshaft
comprised of four distinct cyclic stroke events produce one complete power cycle.
These are the:
intake stroke
compression stroke
power stroke
exhaust stroke
So ingenious and novel an approach was this that the air standard “________”, ascribed to its inventor, is a fundamental engineering thermodynamic
principle.
Otto Cycle
____________ and ____________ powered by both two and four cycle engines were being manufactured in relatively small quantities; manufacturing in volume would not be long in coming, however.
Gasoline fueled motorcycles and automobiles
The engine used by Langley in the attempted flights of his full sized Aerodrome aircraft was developed by ___________, based on a
substantial redesign of a _______ automobile engine.
Charles M. Manly
Balzer
begins as the piston starts
its downward travel from top dead center up to bottom dead center. When this happens, the intake valve opens and the fuel-air mixture is drawn into the cylinder.
intake stroke
The early experiments of ___________ and ___________ employed a horizontally arranged inline 4-cylinder, four cycle engine designed by Wright employee and mechanic __________. This engine, which powered the Wright Flyer on December 17, 1903 when Orville flew those memorable 12
seconds over Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, produced a consistent __ HP, peaking to as
much as __HP.
Orville and Wilbur Wright
Charles Taylor
12
16
begins when the fuel-air mixture is ignited. This causes a tremendous pressure increase in the cylinder and forces the piston downward away from the cylinder head, creating the power that turns the crankshaft.
power stroke
Reciprocating Engine Operating Principle Process
- Fuel is vaporized and mixed with
air, - forced or drawn into a cylinder,
- compressed by a piston, and then,
- ignited by an electric spark.
is used to purge the cylinder of burned gases. It begins when the exhaust valve opens, and the piston starts to move toward the cylinder head once again.
exhaust stroke
The two primary reciprocating engine designs are the __________ and the ___________.
spark ignition (gasoline)
compression ignition (diesel)
Four-Stroke Five Event Cycle
Each cycle has five events
which are intake, compression,
ignition, power, and exhaust.
The conversion of the resultant heat energy into mechanical energy and then into work is accomplished in the _________.
cylinder
The main difference between spark ignition and compression ignition is the __________________.
process of igniting the fuel
first compresses the air in the cylinder, raising its temperature to a degree necessary for automatic ignition when fuel is injected into the cylinder.
compression ignition engine
use a spark plug to ignite a pre-mixed fuel-air mixture.
Spark ignition engines
Reciprocating engines may operate on either a ___________ or
______________ cycle.
two-stroke
four-stroke
In a two-stroke engine, the conversion of chemical energy into mechanical energy occurs over a _____________.
two-stroke operating cycle
The __________, ____________, _____________ and _________occur
in only two strokes of the piston rather than the more
common four strokes.
intake, compression, power, and exhaust processes
