MODULE 1

Question 1

the interaction of two distinct elements, where each of the elements — possess essential characteristics, which affect and specify social behavior.

Answer 1

Self and Society

Question 2

may also refer to the process of continuously ongoing social interaction from which social behavior is performed.

Answer 2

Self and Society

Question 3

understood as a symbol-using individual who can reflect on his/her
own behavior. It organizes one’s thoughts, feelings, actions and enables one to
remember the past, assess the present, and project the future.

Answer 3

Self

Question 4

refers to what we know and believe about ourselves.

Answer 4

Self-concept

Question 5

refers to our knowledge of our mental states which includes our beliefs, desire, and sensations.

Answer 5

Self-knowledge

Question 6

refers to a person’s overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth whether positive or negative. It tends to be stable over time.

Answer 6

Self-esteem

Question 7

which refers to the product of our interaction/relationships with other
people.

Answer 7

Social self

Question 8

Three basic roots of selfhood:

Answer 8

a. reflexive consciousness
b. interpersonal relations
c. making choices/exerting control

Question 9

structured relations and institutions among a large community of people which cannot be reduced to a simple aggregation of individuals

Answer 9

Society

Question 10

What influences our sense of self?

Answer 10

1. Other’s view of us
2. Comparison with others
3. The groups we belong to
4. The audiences we have

Question 11

“states that part of how we see ourselves comes from our perception of how others see us”

Answer 11

looking-glass self

Question 12

Also, our sense of self is influenced by the ___. This “occurs when we are labeled, and others’ views and expectations of us are affected by that labeling”

Answer 12

Labeling Bias

Question 13

“occurs when we learn about our abilities and skills, about the appropriateness and validity of our opinions, and about our relative social status by comparing our own
attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors with those of others”

Answer 13

Social Comparison Theory

Question 14

The theory “asserts that we draw part of our sense of identity and self-esteem from the social groups that we belong to”

Answer 14

Social Identity Theory

Question 15

the tendency to present a positive self-image to others, with the
goal of increasing our social status”. It refers to how one
expresses himself/herself/theirself and behaves in ways that attempt to convey
information or image about oneself and create a desired impression. There are various self-presentations:

Answer 15

Self-presentation

Question 16

Types of Self-presentation

Answer 16

1. Self-promotion
2. Exemplification
3. False Modesty
4. Intimidation
5. Supplication
6. Ingratiation

Question 17

refers to conveying positive information about the self either through one’s behavior or by telling others about one’s positive assets and accomplishments; you point out your abilities and accomplishments to be seen as competent by others.

Answer 17

Self-promotion

Question 18

shown by eliciting perceptions of integrity and moral worthiness; you engage in self–sacrifice or go above and beyond the call of duty to be viewed as dedicated by others.

Answer 18

Exemplification

Question 19

shown by under-representing one’s traits, contributions, or
accomplishments.

Answer 19

False Modesty

Question 20

manifested by arousing fear and gaining power by convincing others that one is dangerous; you signal your power or potential to punish to be viewed as dangerous by others.

Answer 20

Intimidation

Question 21

done by advertising one’s weaknesses, shortcomings, or dependence to solicit help or sympathy.

Answer 21

Supplication

Question 22

shown by saying positive things to someone for them to like you; you do favors or use flattery to be seen as likeable by others.

Answer 22

Ingratiation

Question 23

What are the major perspectives about the self?

Answer 23

1. Essentialism
2. Self- constructionist View

Question 24

is a belief that things have a set of characteristics which make them what they are.

Answer 24

Essentialism

Question 25

holds that phenomena of the natural world were simply reflections of a finite number of fixed and unchanging forms or essences (that which
makes a thing what it is).

Answer 25

Classical essentialism

Question 26

The classic essentialist perspective subscribes to the following assumptions:

Answer 26

(1) A belief in underlying true forms or essences; (2)
Discontinuity between different forms; and (3) Constancy, i.e., the absence of change overtime.

Question 27

holds that biological factors such as individual genes determine how a system behaves or changes over time. It is also
the idea that personality/behavior is caused by the individual’s biological or genetic endowment, rather than by social factors. It sees biology as an individual’s destiny.

Answer 27

Modern essentialism or biological determinism

Question 28

It sees biology as an individual’s destiny. It
appeals to nature over nurture and implies a belief that certain phenomena are natural,
inevitable, universal, and biologically determined.

Answer 28

Modern essentialism or biological determinism

Question 29

the point of view that women and men do differ because of
socialization and that women are at least equal to and possibly superior to men.

Answer 29

Cultural essentialism

Question 30

the self holds that there are no true essences,
and that reality is socially constructed. It emphasizes the experience of the world
external to the individual.

Answer 30

social constructionist view

Question 31

(Berger and Luckmann’s treatise discusses the constructionist paradigm)

We perceive the world as comprised of
discrete events and specific persons engaging in distinct actions in a particular order.
The world which is seen as the objective reality consists of events and persons that
exist independently of our perception of them.

Answer 31

Our experience of the world is ordered.

Question 32

provides the basis on which we make sense of the world. It provides us with categories, or types, that we can use to classify events and persons. It is also how
we interpret new experiences.

Answer 32

Language

Question 33

Shared or intersubjective character (people
perceiving similar events, persons, actions, and order) differentiates everyday-life
reality vs idiosyncratic ones. Language enables us to make our experience available
to others. Reality now becomes a product of social interaction.

Answer 33

The reality of everyday life is shared.

Question 34

Intersubjective
classifications lead to habitualization. The institutionalized roles become mutual
agreement of certain conduct expected from actors in specific contexts or situations.

Answer 34

Shared typifications of reality become institutionalized.

Question 35

may be institutionalized at the level of society or within groups.

Answer 35

Knowledge

Question 36

also understood using other perspectives where essentialism and social
constructionism are at the far end of the continuum.

Answer 36

Self

Question 37

Enumerate the perspectives where essentialism and social
constructionism are at the far end of the continuum.

Answer 37

1. Biological Perspective
2. Psychoanalytic Perspective
3. Behavioral Perspective
4. Socio-cultural Perspective
5. Agentic Perspective

Question 38

an orientation toward understanding the biological
mechanisms that underlie who and what we are as individuals.

Answer 38

Biological perspective,

Question 39

an orientation toward understanding the self in terms of unconscious motives stemming from sexual and aggressive impulses. emphasizes
the role of the unconscious, early childhood experiences, and intrapsychic conflict in
explaining the development of the self.

Answer 39

Psychoanalytic perspective,

Question 40

an orientation toward understanding the self in terms of conditioning and reinforcement.

Answer 40

Behavioral perspective,

Question 41

underscores the role of socialization in self-formation and development.

Answer 41

Socio-cultural perspective

Question 42

suggests that self-creation is possible through self-efficacy.

Answer 42

Agentic perspective